Noninvasive quantification of granzyme B in cardiac allograft rejection using targeted ultrasound imaging

OBJECTIVE: Endomyocardial biopsy is the gold standard method for the diagnosis of cardiac allograft rejection. However, it causes damage to the heart. In this study, we developed a noninvasive method for quantification of granzyme B (GzB) in vivo by targeted ultrasound imaging, which detects and provides quantitative information for specific molecules, for acute rejection assessment in a murine cardiac transplantation model. METHODS: Microbubbles bearing anti-GzB antibodies (MB(Gzb)) or isotype antibodies (MBcon) were prepared. Hearts were transplanted from C57BL/6J (allogeneic) or C3H (syngeneic) donors to C3H recipients. Target ultrasound imaging was performed on Days 2 and 5 post-transplantations. A pathologic assessment was performed. The expression of granzyme B and IL-6 in the heart was detected by Western blotting. RESULTS: After MB injection, we observed and collected data at 3 and 6 min before and after the flash pulse. Quantitative analysis revealed that the reduction in peak intensity was significantly higher in the allogeneic MB(Gzb) group than in the allogeneic MB(con) group and the isogeneic MB(con) group at PODs 2 and 5. In the allogeneic groups, granzyme B and IL-6 expression levels were higher than those in the isogeneic group. In addition, more CD8 T cells and neutrophils were observed in the allogeneic groups. CONCLUSION: Ultrasound molecular imaging of granzyme B can be used as a noninvasive method for acute rejection detection after cardiac transplantation.