Spontaneous Resolution of Recurrent Pleural Effusion in Atraumatic Splenic Rupture

Spontaneous splenic rupture is an uncommon cause of acute-onset left-sided pleural effusion. It is often immediate with a high preponderance for recurrence, sometimes even requiring splenectomy. We report a case of spontaneous resolution of recurrent pleural effusion presenting a month after the initial atraumatic splenic rupture. Our patient was a 25-year-old male without significant medical history who was taking Emtricitabine/Tenofovir for pre-exposure prophylaxis. He presented to the pulmonology clinic for left-sided pleural effusion, diagnosed in the emergency department a day prior. He had a history of spontaneous grade III splenic injury one month before, where he was diagnosed with cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) co-infection on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing and was managed conservatively. The patient underwent thoracentesis in the clinic, which showed exudative lymphocyte predominant pleural effusion and no malignant cells. The remainder of the infective workup was negative. He was readmitted two days later with worsening chest pain, and imaging revealed re-accumulation of pleural fluid. The patient declined thoracentesis, and a chest X-ray was repeated a week later, showing worsening pleural effusion. The patient insisted on continuing conservative management, and he was seen a week later with a repeat chest X-ray that showed near resolution of pleural effusion. Splenomegaly and splenic rupture can lead to pleural effusion due to posterior lymphatic obstruction, which can be recurrent. There are no current guidelines on management, and treatment options include watchful monitoring, splenectomy, or partial splenic embolization.