In situ activation of flexible magnetoelectric membrane enhances bone defect repair

For bone defect repair under co-morbidity conditions, the use of biomaterials that can be non-invasively regulated is highly desirable to avoid further complications and to promote osteogenesis. However, it remains a formidable challenge in clinical applications to achieve efficient osteogenesis with stimuli-responsive materials. Here, we develop polarized CoFe(2)O(4)@BaTiO(3)/poly(vinylidene fluoridetrifluoroethylene) [P(VDF-TrFE)] core-shell particle-incorporated composite membranes with high magnetoelectric conversion efficiency for activating bone regeneration. An external magnetic field force conduct on the CoFe(2)O(4) core can increase charge density on the BaTiO(3) shell and strengthens the β-phase transition in the P(VDF-TrFE) matrix. This energy conversion increases the membrane surface potential, which hence activates osteogenesis. Skull defect experiments on male rats showed that repeated magnetic field applications on the membranes enhanced bone defect repair, even when osteogenesis repression is elicited by dexamethasone or lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation. This study provides a strategy of utilizing stimuli-responsive magnetoelectric membranes to efficiently activate osteogenesis in situ.