Serious Psychological Distress, Substance Use Disorders, and Social Issues Among Men and Women in the United States During the COVID-19 Pandemic

PURPOSE: This study assesses the association between SUD, economic hardship, gender, and related risk and protective factors on serious psychological distress (SPD) during the COVID-19 pandemic. DESIGN: Quantitative cross-sectional design. SETTING: National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). SAMPLE: Data were from the NSDUH (2020) N = 25,746, representing 238,677,123 US adults, who identified as 18 or older and either male or female. MEASURES: SPD measured as scoring a 13 or more on the Kessler (K6) distress scale. SUDs were determined using DSM5 criteria. Sociodemographic and socioeconomic variables included in analyses. ANALYSIS: Logistic regressions evaluated the association between gender, protective, and risk factors on SPD. RESULTS: After controlling for sociodemographic and related factors of SPD, having a SUD was the strongest correlate of SPD. Other significant correlates of SPD included female gender and an income level at or below the federal poverty threshold. Gender stratified regressions illustrated that religiosity, self-identifying as Black, and high levels of education were protective against SPD for women but not men. Poverty level was more associated with SPD for women than men. CONCLUSION: In the United States, individuals with SUDs were nearly four times more likely to report SPD than those without SUDs, controlling for economic hardship and markers of social support during 2020. Effective social interventions to reduce SPD among individuals with SUDs are needed.