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An observational field study of porcine post-weaning diarrhea: clinical and microbiological findings, and fecal pH-measurements as a potential diagnostic tool

BACKGROUND: Recently, in-feed medicinal zinc has been phased out in pig production in the European Union. This makes updated knowledge about porcine post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) crucial. The objectives of the present study were to investigate (i) the clinical presentation of PWD in pigs housed in Dan...

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Autores principales: Eriksen, Esben Østergaard, Kudirkiene, Egle, Barington, Kristiane, Goecke, Nicole Bakkegård, Blirup-Plum, Sophie Amalie, Nielsen, Jens Peter, Olsen, John Elmerdahl, Jensen, Henrik Elvang, Pankoke, Karen, Larsen, Lars Erik, Liu, Gang, Pedersen, Ken Steen
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: BioMed Central 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10334583/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37434248
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40813-023-00325-x
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author Eriksen, Esben Østergaard
Kudirkiene, Egle
Barington, Kristiane
Goecke, Nicole Bakkegård
Blirup-Plum, Sophie Amalie
Nielsen, Jens Peter
Olsen, John Elmerdahl
Jensen, Henrik Elvang
Pankoke, Karen
Larsen, Lars Erik
Liu, Gang
Pedersen, Ken Steen
author_facet Eriksen, Esben Østergaard
Kudirkiene, Egle
Barington, Kristiane
Goecke, Nicole Bakkegård
Blirup-Plum, Sophie Amalie
Nielsen, Jens Peter
Olsen, John Elmerdahl
Jensen, Henrik Elvang
Pankoke, Karen
Larsen, Lars Erik
Liu, Gang
Pedersen, Ken Steen
author_sort Eriksen, Esben Østergaard
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: Recently, in-feed medicinal zinc has been phased out in pig production in the European Union. This makes updated knowledge about porcine post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) crucial. The objectives of the present study were to investigate (i) the clinical presentation of PWD in pigs housed in Danish herds that did not use medicinal zinc, specifically the prevalence of diarrhea and whether PWD was associated to clinical signs of dehydration or altered body temperature; (ii) which microorganism are associated to PWD; and iii) whether measurements of the fecal pH have a potential to be used diagnostically to differentiate between infectious etiologies in cases of PWD. RESULTS: The prevalence of diarrhea varied considerably between the outbreaks in the nine studied herds (median = 0.58, range = 0.10; 0.94). In a cross-sectional design (n = 923), diarrhea was associated with reduced rectal temperature and alkaline feces. Diarrhea was also associated with observably reduced skin elasticity, possibly indicating dehydration. In both diarrheic case pigs (n = 87) and control pigs (n = 86), the presence of Brachyspira pilosicoli, Clostridium perfringens, Cryptosporidium spp., Cystoisopora suis, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Lawsonia intracellularis, porcine circovirus types 2 and 3, rotavirus A, B, C, and H, Samonella enterica spp. enterica, and Trichuris suis was described. PWD was associated with high levels of enterotoxigenic E. coli shedding (odds ratio versus no E. coli detection = 4.79 [CI 1.14; 12.62]). Diarrhea was associated with high levels of rotavirus A shedding (odds ratio versus no/low rotavirus A = 3.80 [CI 1.33; 7.97]). The association between microbiological findings in diarrheic pigs and fecal pH was negligible. CONCLUSIONS: Enterotoxigenic E. coli was confirmed to be a cause of PWD; however, cases of PWD where enterotoxigenic E. coli was not detected in high levels occurred commonly, and this adds to the increasing evidence suggesting that PWD is not necessarily a result of enteric colibacillosis. Rotaviral enteritis might be a differential diagnosis of PWD. pH-measurements cannot be used to differentiate between differential diagnoses for PWD. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40813-023-00325-x.
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spelling pubmed-103345832023-07-12 An observational field study of porcine post-weaning diarrhea: clinical and microbiological findings, and fecal pH-measurements as a potential diagnostic tool Eriksen, Esben Østergaard Kudirkiene, Egle Barington, Kristiane Goecke, Nicole Bakkegård Blirup-Plum, Sophie Amalie Nielsen, Jens Peter Olsen, John Elmerdahl Jensen, Henrik Elvang Pankoke, Karen Larsen, Lars Erik Liu, Gang Pedersen, Ken Steen Porcine Health Manag Research BACKGROUND: Recently, in-feed medicinal zinc has been phased out in pig production in the European Union. This makes updated knowledge about porcine post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) crucial. The objectives of the present study were to investigate (i) the clinical presentation of PWD in pigs housed in Danish herds that did not use medicinal zinc, specifically the prevalence of diarrhea and whether PWD was associated to clinical signs of dehydration or altered body temperature; (ii) which microorganism are associated to PWD; and iii) whether measurements of the fecal pH have a potential to be used diagnostically to differentiate between infectious etiologies in cases of PWD. RESULTS: The prevalence of diarrhea varied considerably between the outbreaks in the nine studied herds (median = 0.58, range = 0.10; 0.94). In a cross-sectional design (n = 923), diarrhea was associated with reduced rectal temperature and alkaline feces. Diarrhea was also associated with observably reduced skin elasticity, possibly indicating dehydration. In both diarrheic case pigs (n = 87) and control pigs (n = 86), the presence of Brachyspira pilosicoli, Clostridium perfringens, Cryptosporidium spp., Cystoisopora suis, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Lawsonia intracellularis, porcine circovirus types 2 and 3, rotavirus A, B, C, and H, Samonella enterica spp. enterica, and Trichuris suis was described. PWD was associated with high levels of enterotoxigenic E. coli shedding (odds ratio versus no E. coli detection = 4.79 [CI 1.14; 12.62]). Diarrhea was associated with high levels of rotavirus A shedding (odds ratio versus no/low rotavirus A = 3.80 [CI 1.33; 7.97]). The association between microbiological findings in diarrheic pigs and fecal pH was negligible. CONCLUSIONS: Enterotoxigenic E. coli was confirmed to be a cause of PWD; however, cases of PWD where enterotoxigenic E. coli was not detected in high levels occurred commonly, and this adds to the increasing evidence suggesting that PWD is not necessarily a result of enteric colibacillosis. Rotaviral enteritis might be a differential diagnosis of PWD. pH-measurements cannot be used to differentiate between differential diagnoses for PWD. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40813-023-00325-x. BioMed Central 2023-07-11 /pmc/articles/PMC10334583/ /pubmed/37434248 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40813-023-00325-x Text en © The Author(s) 2023 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.
spellingShingle Research
Eriksen, Esben Østergaard
Kudirkiene, Egle
Barington, Kristiane
Goecke, Nicole Bakkegård
Blirup-Plum, Sophie Amalie
Nielsen, Jens Peter
Olsen, John Elmerdahl
Jensen, Henrik Elvang
Pankoke, Karen
Larsen, Lars Erik
Liu, Gang
Pedersen, Ken Steen
An observational field study of porcine post-weaning diarrhea: clinical and microbiological findings, and fecal pH-measurements as a potential diagnostic tool
title An observational field study of porcine post-weaning diarrhea: clinical and microbiological findings, and fecal pH-measurements as a potential diagnostic tool
title_full An observational field study of porcine post-weaning diarrhea: clinical and microbiological findings, and fecal pH-measurements as a potential diagnostic tool
title_fullStr An observational field study of porcine post-weaning diarrhea: clinical and microbiological findings, and fecal pH-measurements as a potential diagnostic tool
title_full_unstemmed An observational field study of porcine post-weaning diarrhea: clinical and microbiological findings, and fecal pH-measurements as a potential diagnostic tool
title_short An observational field study of porcine post-weaning diarrhea: clinical and microbiological findings, and fecal pH-measurements as a potential diagnostic tool
title_sort observational field study of porcine post-weaning diarrhea: clinical and microbiological findings, and fecal ph-measurements as a potential diagnostic tool
topic Research
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10334583/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37434248
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40813-023-00325-x
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