Structural Changes in the Skeletal Muscle of Pigs after Long-Term Administration of Testosterone, Nandrolone and a Combination of the Two

SIMPLE SUMMARY: Anabolic steroids (AASs) are used for more efficient fattening of animals all over the world, with the exception of some countries, including the European Union. There is a strict ban on the use of these substances, and protection and detection methods also depend on this, but in recent years, they have reached their limits. New methods of detection and obtaining detailed information on the actions of AASs are now required. This study focuses on histological changes in the skeletal muscle of pigs, one of the most consumed animals in the EU. The aim was to determine the dependence of the histological parameters of pig muscle on the application of AASs and to supplement the information on these interactions that is missing in pig models. ABSTRACT: Anabolic steroid hormones (AASs) are used in most countries of the world to accelerate the growth of animals, increase the volume of their muscles and thereby increase meat production. However, there is a strict ban on the use of AASs in the fattening of all animals in all countries of the European Union, and there must therefore be effective methods of detection and control of these substances. Methods based on chromatography and mass spectrometry may no longer be completely effective when faced with new synthetic steroids of unknown chemical structures and low concentrations. Therefore, there is an effort to develop new methods of AAS detection, based primarily on the monitoring of biological changes at the level of gene expression or changes in metabolism or structure at the cellular level. More detailed knowledge of the mechanisms of action of AASs on tissues is essential for these methods, and histological changes are one of them. In this study, we report histological changes in muscle structure after AAS application, specifically in the size of muscle fibers, the amount of endomysium and the number of nuclei and satellite cells in muscle fibers. A pig model was also intentionally used for the study, as no such study has been carried out on this species, and at the same time, pork is one of the most consumed meats across Europe. The results of histology and fluorescent antibody labeling showed that AASs increased the diameter and surface area of muscle fibers and also significantly increased the number of satellite cells on the fiber surface. The evident correlations between the number of satellite cells, all nuclei and the diameters of muscle fibers between some experimental groups provide evidence that the selected histological parameters could be additional detection mechanisms for screening a large number of samples and indicate the possibility of the presence of AASs in pork meat in the future.