Hyperpolarized Carbon-13 MRI in Breast Cancer

One of the hallmarks of cancer is metabolic reprogramming, including high levels of aerobic glycolysis (the Warburg effect). Pyruvate is a product of glucose metabolism, and (13)C-MR imaging of the metabolism of hyperpolarized (HP) [1-(13)C]pyruvate (HP (13)C-MRI) has been shown to be a potentially versatile tool for the clinical evaluation of tumor metabolism. Hyperpolarization of the (13)C nuclear spin can increase the sensitivity of detection by 4–5 orders of magnitude. Therefore, following intravenous injection, the location of hyperpolarized (13)C-labeled pyruvate in the body and its subsequent metabolism can be tracked using (13)C-MRI. Hyperpolarized [(13)C]urea and [1,4-(13)C(2)]fumarate are also likely to translate to the clinic in the near future as tools for imaging tissue perfusion and post-treatment tumor cell death, respectively. For clinical breast imaging, HP (13)C-MRI can be combined with (1)H-MRI to address the need for detailed anatomical imaging combined with improved functional tumor phenotyping and very early identification of patients not responding to standard and novel neoadjuvant treatments. If the technical complexity of the hyperpolarization process and the relatively high associated costs can be reduced, then hyperpolarized (13)C-MRI has the potential to become more widely available for large-scale clinical trials.