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Host–Microbiome Interactions: Tryptophan Metabolism and Aromatic Hydrocarbon Receptors after Traumatic Brain Injury
Traumatic brain injury refers to the damage caused to intracranial tissues by an external force acting on the head, leading to both immediate and prolonged harmful effects. Neuroinflammatory responses play a critical role in exacerbating the primary injury during the acute and chronic phases of TBI....
Autores principales: | , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2023
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10341888/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37445997 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms241310820 |
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author | Sun, Yanming Wang, Shuai Liu, Bingwei Hu, Wei Zhu, Ying |
author_facet | Sun, Yanming Wang, Shuai Liu, Bingwei Hu, Wei Zhu, Ying |
author_sort | Sun, Yanming |
collection | PubMed |
description | Traumatic brain injury refers to the damage caused to intracranial tissues by an external force acting on the head, leading to both immediate and prolonged harmful effects. Neuroinflammatory responses play a critical role in exacerbating the primary injury during the acute and chronic phases of TBI. Research has demonstrated that numerous neuroinflammatory responses are mediated through the “microbiota–gut–brain axis,” which signifies the functional connection between the gut microbiota and the brain. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) plays a vital role in facilitating communication between the host and microbiota through recognizing specific ligands produced directly or indirectly by the microbiota. Tryptophan (trp), an indispensable amino acid in animals and humans, represents one of the key endogenous ligands for AhR. The metabolites of trp have significant effects on the functioning of the central nervous system (CNS) through activating AHR signalling, thereby establishing bidirectional communication between the gut microbiota and the brain. These interactions are mediated through immune, metabolic, and neural signalling mechanisms. In this review, we emphasize the co-metabolism of tryptophan in the gut microbiota and the signalling pathway mediated by AHR following TBI. Furthermore, we discuss the impact of these mechanisms on the underlying processes involved in traumatic brain injury, while also addressing potential future targets for intervention. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-10341888 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-103418882023-07-14 Host–Microbiome Interactions: Tryptophan Metabolism and Aromatic Hydrocarbon Receptors after Traumatic Brain Injury Sun, Yanming Wang, Shuai Liu, Bingwei Hu, Wei Zhu, Ying Int J Mol Sci Review Traumatic brain injury refers to the damage caused to intracranial tissues by an external force acting on the head, leading to both immediate and prolonged harmful effects. Neuroinflammatory responses play a critical role in exacerbating the primary injury during the acute and chronic phases of TBI. Research has demonstrated that numerous neuroinflammatory responses are mediated through the “microbiota–gut–brain axis,” which signifies the functional connection between the gut microbiota and the brain. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) plays a vital role in facilitating communication between the host and microbiota through recognizing specific ligands produced directly or indirectly by the microbiota. Tryptophan (trp), an indispensable amino acid in animals and humans, represents one of the key endogenous ligands for AhR. The metabolites of trp have significant effects on the functioning of the central nervous system (CNS) through activating AHR signalling, thereby establishing bidirectional communication between the gut microbiota and the brain. These interactions are mediated through immune, metabolic, and neural signalling mechanisms. In this review, we emphasize the co-metabolism of tryptophan in the gut microbiota and the signalling pathway mediated by AHR following TBI. Furthermore, we discuss the impact of these mechanisms on the underlying processes involved in traumatic brain injury, while also addressing potential future targets for intervention. MDPI 2023-06-28 /pmc/articles/PMC10341888/ /pubmed/37445997 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms241310820 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Sun, Yanming Wang, Shuai Liu, Bingwei Hu, Wei Zhu, Ying Host–Microbiome Interactions: Tryptophan Metabolism and Aromatic Hydrocarbon Receptors after Traumatic Brain Injury |
title | Host–Microbiome Interactions: Tryptophan Metabolism and Aromatic Hydrocarbon Receptors after Traumatic Brain Injury |
title_full | Host–Microbiome Interactions: Tryptophan Metabolism and Aromatic Hydrocarbon Receptors after Traumatic Brain Injury |
title_fullStr | Host–Microbiome Interactions: Tryptophan Metabolism and Aromatic Hydrocarbon Receptors after Traumatic Brain Injury |
title_full_unstemmed | Host–Microbiome Interactions: Tryptophan Metabolism and Aromatic Hydrocarbon Receptors after Traumatic Brain Injury |
title_short | Host–Microbiome Interactions: Tryptophan Metabolism and Aromatic Hydrocarbon Receptors after Traumatic Brain Injury |
title_sort | host–microbiome interactions: tryptophan metabolism and aromatic hydrocarbon receptors after traumatic brain injury |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10341888/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37445997 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms241310820 |
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