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Infection, Dysbiosis and Inflammation Interplay in the COVID Era in Children

For over three years, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in children and adolescents has generated repercussions, especially a few weeks after infection, for symptomatic patients who tested positive, for asymptomatic ones, or even just the contacts of an infected person, an...

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Autores principales: Ailioaie, Laura Marinela, Ailioaie, Constantin, Litscher, Gerhard
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10342011/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37446047
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms241310874
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author Ailioaie, Laura Marinela
Ailioaie, Constantin
Litscher, Gerhard
author_facet Ailioaie, Laura Marinela
Ailioaie, Constantin
Litscher, Gerhard
author_sort Ailioaie, Laura Marinela
collection PubMed
description For over three years, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in children and adolescents has generated repercussions, especially a few weeks after infection, for symptomatic patients who tested positive, for asymptomatic ones, or even just the contacts of an infected person, and evolved from severe forms such as multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) to multifarious clinical manifestations in long COVID (LC). Referred to under the umbrella term LC, the onset of persistent and highly heterogeneous symptoms such as fatigue, post-exertion malaise, cognitive dysfunction, and others have a major impact on the child’s daily quality of life for months. The first aim of this review was to highlight the circumstances of the pathophysiological changes produced by COVID-19 in children and to better understand the hyperinflammation in COVID-19 and how MIS-C, as a life-threatening condition, could have been avoided in some patients. Another goal was to better identify the interplay between infection, dysbiosis, and inflammation at a molecular and cellular level, to better guide scientists, physicians, and pediatricians to advance new lines of medical action to avoid the post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The third objective was to identify symptoms and their connection to molecular pathways to recognize LC more easily. The fourth purpose was to connect the triggering factors of LC with related sequelae following acute SARS-CoV-2 injuries to systems and organs, the persistence of the virus, and some of its components in hidden reservoirs, including the gut and the central nervous system. The reactivation of other latent infectious agents in the host’s immune environments, the interaction of this virus with the microbiome, immune hyperactivation, and autoimmunity generated by molecular mimicry between viral agents and host proteins, could initiate a targeted and individualized management. New high-tech solutions, molecules, probiotics, and others should be discovered to innovatively solve the interplay between RNA persistent viruses, microbiota, and our immune system.
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spelling pubmed-103420112023-07-14 Infection, Dysbiosis and Inflammation Interplay in the COVID Era in Children Ailioaie, Laura Marinela Ailioaie, Constantin Litscher, Gerhard Int J Mol Sci Review For over three years, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in children and adolescents has generated repercussions, especially a few weeks after infection, for symptomatic patients who tested positive, for asymptomatic ones, or even just the contacts of an infected person, and evolved from severe forms such as multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) to multifarious clinical manifestations in long COVID (LC). Referred to under the umbrella term LC, the onset of persistent and highly heterogeneous symptoms such as fatigue, post-exertion malaise, cognitive dysfunction, and others have a major impact on the child’s daily quality of life for months. The first aim of this review was to highlight the circumstances of the pathophysiological changes produced by COVID-19 in children and to better understand the hyperinflammation in COVID-19 and how MIS-C, as a life-threatening condition, could have been avoided in some patients. Another goal was to better identify the interplay between infection, dysbiosis, and inflammation at a molecular and cellular level, to better guide scientists, physicians, and pediatricians to advance new lines of medical action to avoid the post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The third objective was to identify symptoms and their connection to molecular pathways to recognize LC more easily. The fourth purpose was to connect the triggering factors of LC with related sequelae following acute SARS-CoV-2 injuries to systems and organs, the persistence of the virus, and some of its components in hidden reservoirs, including the gut and the central nervous system. The reactivation of other latent infectious agents in the host’s immune environments, the interaction of this virus with the microbiome, immune hyperactivation, and autoimmunity generated by molecular mimicry between viral agents and host proteins, could initiate a targeted and individualized management. New high-tech solutions, molecules, probiotics, and others should be discovered to innovatively solve the interplay between RNA persistent viruses, microbiota, and our immune system. MDPI 2023-06-29 /pmc/articles/PMC10342011/ /pubmed/37446047 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms241310874 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Ailioaie, Laura Marinela
Ailioaie, Constantin
Litscher, Gerhard
Infection, Dysbiosis and Inflammation Interplay in the COVID Era in Children
title Infection, Dysbiosis and Inflammation Interplay in the COVID Era in Children
title_full Infection, Dysbiosis and Inflammation Interplay in the COVID Era in Children
title_fullStr Infection, Dysbiosis and Inflammation Interplay in the COVID Era in Children
title_full_unstemmed Infection, Dysbiosis and Inflammation Interplay in the COVID Era in Children
title_short Infection, Dysbiosis and Inflammation Interplay in the COVID Era in Children
title_sort infection, dysbiosis and inflammation interplay in the covid era in children
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10342011/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37446047
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms241310874
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