Expression of intra-tumoral necrosis-associated cytokine pattern correlated with prognosis and immune status in glioma

Intra-tumoral necrosis (ITN) is reported to be an independent prognostic factor in glioma. However, knowledge of ITN is mainly limited to pseudopalisadwe, while its other aspects were neglected. Therefore, a deeper understanding of ITN could be valuable for understanding its exact role in glioma. The only reliable ITN model was time-dependently achieved with the GL261 syngeneic mouse model. The ITN-associated expression pattern was enriched from RNA sequencing. TCGA glioma samples were clustered into a high-expression group (HEG) and a low-expression group (LEG) based on their pattern and their association with prognosis, clinical status, immune status, and therapeutic responsiveness were compared. Mouse glioma with ITN demonstrated invasive histology. Cytokine signaling was significantly enriched in necrotic mouse glioma compared with non-necrotic glioma tissues. Nine pro-inflammatory (IL6, PPBP, IL1A, TNFSF11, CXCL11, CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL3, and CCL8) and two anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL1RN and IL10) genes were found to be related to ITN-associated cytokine patterns. Comparative analysis showed that HEG had a significantly shorter survival time, five differentially distributed clinical statuses, more infiltrated immune cells, greater expression of immune checkpoints, and better therapeutic responsiveness than LEG. In conclusion, the ITN-associated cytokine pattern is characteristically expressed in glioma with ITN and might indicate necrosis missed in histology diagnosis. Its expression pattern could predict the prognosis, tumor grade, immune status, and therapeutic responsiveness of glioma patients.