Polydopamine Derived NaTi(2)(PO(4))(3)–Carbon Core–Shell Nanostructures for Aqueous Batteries and Deionization Cells

[Image: see text] Due to their stability and structural freedom, NASICON-structured materials such as NaTi(2)(PO(4))(3) show a lot of promise as active electrode materials for aqueous batteries and deionization cells. However, due to their low intrinsic electronic conductivity, they must usually be composited with carbon to form suitable electrodes for power applications. In this work, two series of NaTi(2)(PO(4))(3)–carbon composite structures were successfully prepared by different approaches: postsynthetic pyrolytic treatment of citric acid and surface polymerized dopamine. The latter route allows for a superior carbon loading control and yields more uniform and continuous particle coatings. The homogeneity of the polydopamine derived core–shell carbon layer is supported by FTIR, TEM, and XPS analysis. Combustion elemental analysis also indicates significant nitrogen doping in the final carbonaceous structure. The galvanostatic charge and discharge cycling results show similar initial capacities and their retention, but at only half of the carbon loading in polydopamine derived samples. The overall results indicate that careful nanostructure engineering could yield materials with superior properties and stability suitable for various electrochemical applications such as aqueous Na-ion batteries and deionization cells.