Formation of self-nitrogen-doping activated carbon from Fish/sawdust/ZnCl(2) by hydrothermal and pyrolysis for toxic chromium adsorption from wastewater

This study gives a description of the formation of self-nitrogen doped activated carbon (NDAC) by a novel way of employing fish meal (mixture of Atherina hepseetus and Sardina pilchardus of 60% protein) as nitrogen dopant, ZnCl(2) as impregnate agent, sawdust as carbon source and water with a mass ratio (2:1:1:12), which subjected to the hydrothermal process. The hydrothermal mixture was oven dried and carbonized under a flow of nitrogen for one h at 600, 700, and 800 °C. The characterization of NDAC was performed by using various analytical techniques analyses. The synthesized NDAC exhibited unique features such as microporous structure (1.84 ~ 2.01 nm), high surface area (437.51 ~ 680.86 m(2)/g), the volume of total pores (0.22 ~ 0.32 cm(3)/g) and nitrogen content (12.82 ~ 13.73%). Batch removal tests were achieved to investigate the impact of chromium ions starting concentration (100–400 mg/L), NDAC dose (0.5–2.5 g/L), pH and contact time (5–120 min). Such helpful characteristics of NDAC, particularly for NDAC600, were suitable to use as an excellent adsorbent for Cr(6+) ions with a maximum adsorption capacity (Q(m)) (769.23 mg/g), and the highest chromium ions adsorption uptake (81.18%) was obtained at pH value 1.5 at room temperature. Both Halsey and Temkin models fitted the adsorption data quite reasonably. The uptake of toxic chromium ions is best represented with pseudo-second-order rate kinetics data.