Impact of NKG2D Signaling on Natural Killer and T‐Cell Function in Cerebral Ischemia

BACKGROUND: Typically defined as a thromboinflammatory disease, ischemic stroke features early and delayed inflammatory responses, which determine the extent of ischemia‐related brain damage. T and natural killer cells have been implicated in neuronal cytotoxicity and inflammation, but the precise mechanisms of immune cell‐mediated stroke progression remain poorly understood. The activating immunoreceptor NKG2D is expressed on both natural killer and T cells and may be critically involved. METHODS AND RESULTS: An anti‐NKG2D blocking antibody alleviated stroke outcome in terms of infarct volume and functional deficits, coinciding with reduced immune cell infiltration into the brain and improved survival in the animal model of cerebral ischemia. Using transgenic knockout models devoid of certain immune cell types and immunodeficient mice supplemented with different immune cell subsets, we dissected the functional contribution of NKG2D signaling by different NKG2D‐expressing cells in stroke pathophysiology. The observed effect of NKG2D signaling in stroke progression was shown to be predominantly mediated by natural killer and CD8(+) T cells. Transfer of T cells with monovariant T‐cell receptors into immunodeficient mice with and without pharmacological blockade of NKG2D revealed activation of CD8(+) T cells irrespective of antigen specificity. Detection of the NKG2D receptor and its ligands in brain samples of patients with stroke strengthens the relevance of preclinical observations in human disease. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide a mechanistic insight into NKG2D‐dependent natural killer– and T‐cell–mediated effects in stroke pathophysiology.