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An unconventional proanthocyanidin pathway in maize
Proanthocyanidins (PAs), flavonoid polymers involved in plant defense, are also beneficial to human health and ruminant nutrition. To date, there is little evidence for accumulation of PAs in maize (Zea mays), although maize makes anthocyanins and possesses the key enzyme of the PA pathway, anthocya...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Nature Publishing Group UK
2023
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10356931/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37468488 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-40014-5 |
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author | Lu, Nan Jun, Ji Hyung Li, Ying Dixon, Richard A. |
author_facet | Lu, Nan Jun, Ji Hyung Li, Ying Dixon, Richard A. |
author_sort | Lu, Nan |
collection | PubMed |
description | Proanthocyanidins (PAs), flavonoid polymers involved in plant defense, are also beneficial to human health and ruminant nutrition. To date, there is little evidence for accumulation of PAs in maize (Zea mays), although maize makes anthocyanins and possesses the key enzyme of the PA pathway, anthocyanidin reductase (ANR). Here, we explore whether there is a functional PA biosynthesis pathway in maize using a combination of analytical chemistry and genetic approaches. The endogenous PA biosynthetic machinery in maize preferentially produces the unusual PA precursor (+)-epicatechin, as well as 4β-(S-cysteinyl)-catechin, as potential PA starter and extension units. Uncommon procyanidin dimers with (+)-epicatechin as starter unit are also found. Expression of soybean (Glycine max) anthocyanidin reductase 1 (ANR1) in maize seeds increases the levels of 4β-(S-cysteinyl)-epicatechin and procyanidin dimers mainly using (-)-epicatechin as starter units. Introducing a Sorghum bicolor transcription factor (SbTT2) specifically regulating PA biosynthesis into a maize inbred deficient in anthocyanin biosynthesis activates both anthocyanin and PA biosynthesis pathways, suggesting conservation of the PA regulatory machinery across species. Our data support the divergence of PA biosynthesis across plant species and offer perspectives for future agricultrural applications in maize. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-10356931 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | Nature Publishing Group UK |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-103569312023-07-21 An unconventional proanthocyanidin pathway in maize Lu, Nan Jun, Ji Hyung Li, Ying Dixon, Richard A. Nat Commun Article Proanthocyanidins (PAs), flavonoid polymers involved in plant defense, are also beneficial to human health and ruminant nutrition. To date, there is little evidence for accumulation of PAs in maize (Zea mays), although maize makes anthocyanins and possesses the key enzyme of the PA pathway, anthocyanidin reductase (ANR). Here, we explore whether there is a functional PA biosynthesis pathway in maize using a combination of analytical chemistry and genetic approaches. The endogenous PA biosynthetic machinery in maize preferentially produces the unusual PA precursor (+)-epicatechin, as well as 4β-(S-cysteinyl)-catechin, as potential PA starter and extension units. Uncommon procyanidin dimers with (+)-epicatechin as starter unit are also found. Expression of soybean (Glycine max) anthocyanidin reductase 1 (ANR1) in maize seeds increases the levels of 4β-(S-cysteinyl)-epicatechin and procyanidin dimers mainly using (-)-epicatechin as starter units. Introducing a Sorghum bicolor transcription factor (SbTT2) specifically regulating PA biosynthesis into a maize inbred deficient in anthocyanin biosynthesis activates both anthocyanin and PA biosynthesis pathways, suggesting conservation of the PA regulatory machinery across species. Our data support the divergence of PA biosynthesis across plant species and offer perspectives for future agricultrural applications in maize. Nature Publishing Group UK 2023-07-19 /pmc/articles/PMC10356931/ /pubmed/37468488 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-40014-5 Text en © The Author(s) 2023 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . |
spellingShingle | Article Lu, Nan Jun, Ji Hyung Li, Ying Dixon, Richard A. An unconventional proanthocyanidin pathway in maize |
title | An unconventional proanthocyanidin pathway in maize |
title_full | An unconventional proanthocyanidin pathway in maize |
title_fullStr | An unconventional proanthocyanidin pathway in maize |
title_full_unstemmed | An unconventional proanthocyanidin pathway in maize |
title_short | An unconventional proanthocyanidin pathway in maize |
title_sort | unconventional proanthocyanidin pathway in maize |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10356931/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37468488 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-40014-5 |
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