One Health early warning and response system for zoonotic diseases outbreaks: Emphasis on the involvement of grassroots actors

BACKGROUND: Emerging and reemerging zoonotic diseases have become a global concern due to their frequent occurrence. Large delays between onset of emerging zoonotic disease outbreaks and their reporting and control are indicative of weak animal and human health systems. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this paper is to tackle the time delay by suggesting a One Health Early Warning and Response System (OH‐EWRS) aiming at improving the surveillance and notification of zoonotic diseases by strengthening ‘bottom‐up’ approaches and systems for early detection, especially in hot spot areas where they emerge. METHODS: In this conceptual paper, we searched online database including PubMed, Google and Google Scholar to explore the scientific landscape for zoonotic diseases and One Health Early Warning and Response Systems published in English up to December, 2020. In addition, the authors made use of their own expertise and critically reviewed the retrieved papers that were found to be of relevance as the three authors are experts in their own fields, coming from different backgrounds, but are all working to improve the prevention and control of zoonotic disease outbreak. RESULTS: The OH‐EWRS advocates for collaboration between relevant stakeholders including nongovernmental organisations, country offices of international and intergovernmental technical organisations, governmental bodies, research institutes, the private sector and local communities with the aim of an integrated One Health prevention and control system. The OH‐EWRS considers various priorities and objectives of the different stakeholders, taking into account possible conflict of interests and considering the need for trust, transparency and mutual benefits. CONCLUSIONS: Although the operationalisation, governance and institutionalisation of the OH‐EWRS should be the responsibility of government bodies, inputs from and feedback to relevant stakeholders through a bottom‐up and top‐down approach are essential elements for the application of the successful operationalisation of a OH‐EWRS.