Review of vasocutaneous fistulas and other rare complications after vasectomy

INTRODUCTION: Vasectomy is a surgical procedure for male sterilization. It is a very common procedure in daily urological practice with a low complication rate. Haematoma formation, wound infection, chronic scrotal pain, and spontaneous recanalization are well-known complications. Fistula formation and testicular infarction are less common following a vasectomy. In this article we provide a review of literature regarding rare complications after vasectomy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A manual electronic search of the PubMed Medline and Web of Science Core Collection databases was performed encompassing all included reports until 30 September 2022 to identify studies that assessed patient complications after a vasectomy. RESULTS: Urethrovasocutaneous fistulas are by far the most prevalent, while vasocutaneous, vasovenous, and arteriovenous fistulas are seldom reported. In discharging fistulas, a fluid analysis can be done to discriminate different types. In all cases scrotal exploration and ligation of the fistula was performed. If present, an underlying bladder outlet obstruction should be treated. Scrotal infarction is another infrequently reported complication of vasectomy. Diagnosis is made by scrotal ultrasound and colour Doppler. Treatment is usually conservative, but orchiectomy should be considered in larger infarctions. Simple wound infections are common in patients post vasectomy. More complex infections are rare but can result in serious and even fatal complications. CONCLUSIONS: Common complications after vasectomy are well known and usually well discussed with patients. However, rare complications can occur, and it is important that they are recognized by clinicians.