Combined effect of D-dimer, hs-CRP, and Lp(a) on 5-year clinical outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention: A large real-world study in China

To reduce cardiovascular risk in patients with established coronary heart disease, the present study investigated the combined effect of D-dimer, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] on long-term cardiovascular outcomes from the perspectives of thrombosis, inflammation, and lipid risk simultaneously. Consecutive 10,724 patients with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were enrolled throughout 2013. Over a median follow-up of 5.1 years, each individual elevation of D-dimer, hs-CRP, and Lp(a) was associated with poor ischemic outcomes but not bleeding. Concurrent high D-dimer, hs-CRP, and Lp(a) had even greater risks of all-cause death (hazard ratio [HR] 2.714, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.742–4.231) and cardiac death (HR 4.152, 95% CI 2.207–7.812) and had incremental value beyond the traditional risk factors model. Concurrent high D-dimer, hs-CRP, and Lp(a) levels had a synergistic effect on adverse 5-year ischemic outcomes, highlighting that the potential utility of simultaneous assessment of multiple cardiovascular risk biomarkers may help to identify high-risk patients after PCI.