Eco-hydrological modeling of soil wetting pattern dimensions under drip irrigation systems

Reliable information on the horizontal and vertical dimensions of the wetted soil beneath a point source is critical for designing accurate, cost-effective, and efficient surface and subsurface drip irrigation systems. Several factors, including soil properties, initial soil conditions, dripper flow rate, number of drippers, spacing between drippers, irrigation management, plant root characteristics, and evapotranspiration, influence the dimensions and shape of wetting patterns. The objective of this study was to briefly review previous studies, collect the analytical, numerical, and empirical models developed, and evaluate the effectiveness of the most common empirical method for predicting the dimensions of soil wetted around drippers using measured data from field surveys. With this review study, we aim to promote a better understanding of soil water dynamics under point-source drip irrigation systems, help improve soil water dynamics under point-source drip irrigation systems, and identify issues that should be better addressed in future modeling efforts. A drip irrigation system was configured with three different emitters with different capacities (2, 4, and 8 l h-1) in the point source to determine the soil wetting front under the point source. The five most selected empirical equations (Al-Ogaidi, Malek and Peters, Amin and Ekhmaj, Li and Schwartzman and Zur) were statistically analyzed to test the efficiency in sandy loam soil. According to the results of the field investigation, statistical comparisons of the empirical models with the field investigation data were performed using the mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency (CE), and coefficients of determination (R2). The advanced simulation of the wetting front was used based on the best accuracy of the selected empirical model. In general, the Li model (MAE, RMSE, EF, and R2 were 0.698 cm, 0.894 cm, 0.970 cm(2) cm-2, and 0.970, respectively, for the wetted soil width and 1.800 cm, 1.974 cm, 0.927 cm(2) cm-2, and 0.986, for the vertical advance) proved to be the best after statistical analysis with field data.