HER2-low metastases of HER2-negative primary tumors: a single institution analysis of intertumoral and internodal heterogeneity in node-positive breast cancer

OBJECTIVE: HER2 status in breast cancer is an essential parameter in individual therapeutic decision-making and is routinely assessed in primary tumors in accordance with international recommendations. Reports of HER2 heterogeneity raise the question of basing treatment decisions on HER2 status in metastases, if present. We investigated the degree and clinical implications of HER2 heterogeneity in lymph node–positive breast cancer. Because of recent recognition of therapeutic opportunities in this group of tumors, we especially focused on cases involving low-level HER2 expression. METHODS: The HER2 status of primary tumors and of corresponding lymph node metastases was determined in archived material at the protein and gene levels using the gene– protein assay and interpreted in accordance with 2018 ASCO/CAP criteria. HER2-low status was defined as protein expression levels 1+ or 2+ with negative amplification status. RESULTS: We analyzed a series of 43 cases of primary infiltrating breast cancer, each with at least two axillary nodes harboring macrometastases (>2 mm), in total 206 such nodes. In 7% of cases, we detected intertumoral HER2 heterogeneity. Three of nine HER2-positive primary tumors were associated with HER2-negative metastases. No cases with HER2-negative primary tumors had HER2-positive metastases, but 55% (6/11) of HER2 0 primary tumors had HER2 1+ and/or 2+ metastases, and 19% (3/16) HER2 1+ cases had exclusively HER2 0 metastases. All metastases in HER2 2+ cases showed HER2-low protein expression levels. Internodal HER2 heterogeneity at low protein expression levels (presence of HER2 0, HER2 1+, and/or HER2 2+ metastatic deposits within the same axilla) was seen in 40% (17/43) of cases. We found no statistically significant association between HER2 heterogeneity and other tumor-related parameters. Survival data indicated worse outcomes in the HER2-low group compared with the rest of the cohort. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate a substantial instability of HER2 protein expression, leading to considerable intertumoral and internodal HER2 heterogeneity in lymph node–positive breast carcinomas. This heterogeneity is particularly relevant in HER2-low tumors in which the corrective effects of HER2 gene copy number analysis definitionally is absent. Our findings suggest that determining HER2 status in metastatic lymph nodes may generate relevant information for therapeutic decision-making.