Usher Syndrome on the Island of Ireland: A Genotype-Phenotype Review

PURPOSE: Usher syndrome (USH) is a genetically heterogeneous group of autosomal recessive (AR) syndromic inherited retinal degenerations (IRDs) representing 50% of deaf-blindness. All subtypes include retinitis pigmentosa, sensorineural hearing loss, and vestibular abnormalities. Thorough phenotyping may facilitate genetic diagnosis and intervention. Here we report the clinical/genetic features of an Irish USH cohort. METHODS: USH patients were selected from the Irish IRD registry (Target 5000). Patients were examined clinically (deep-phenotyping) and genetically using a 254 IRD–associated gene target capture sequencing panel, USH2A exon, and whole genome sequencing. RESULTS: The study identified 145 patients (24.1% USH1 [n = 35], 73.8% USH2 [n = 107], 1.4% USH3 [n = 2], and 0.7% USH4 [n = 1]). A genetic diagnosis was reached in 82.1%, the majority (80.7%) being MYO7A or USH2A genotypes. Mean visual acuity and visual field (VF) were 0.47 ± 0.58 LogMAR and 31.3° ± 32.8°, respectively, at a mean age of 43 years. Legal blindness criteria were met in 40.7%. Cataract was present in 77.4%. ADGRV1 genotypes had the most VF loss, whereas USH2A patients had greater myopia and CDH23 had the most astigmatism. Variants absent from gnomAD non-Finnish Europeans and ClinVar represented more than 20% of the variants identified and were detected in ADGRV1, ARSG, CDH23, MYO7A, and USH2A. CONCLUSIONS: USH is a genetically diverse group of AR IRDs that have a profound impact on affected individuals and their families. The prevalence and phenotype/genotype characteristics of USH in Ireland have, as yet, gone unreported. Understanding the genotype of Irish USH patients may guide clinical and genetic characterization facilitating access to existing/novel therapeutics.