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Differential effects of 3,5-T2 and T3 on the gill regeneration and metamorphosis of the Ambystoma mexicanum (axolotl)
Thyroid hormones (THs) regulate tissue remodeling processes during early- and post-embryonic stages in vertebrates. The Mexican axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) is a neotenic species that has lost the ability to undergo metamorphosis; however, it can be artificially induced by exogenous administration...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2023
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10364608/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37492199 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1208182 |
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author | Lazcano, I. Olvera, A. Pech-Pool, S. M. Sachs, L. Buisine, N. Orozco, A. |
author_facet | Lazcano, I. Olvera, A. Pech-Pool, S. M. Sachs, L. Buisine, N. Orozco, A. |
author_sort | Lazcano, I. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Thyroid hormones (THs) regulate tissue remodeling processes during early- and post-embryonic stages in vertebrates. The Mexican axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) is a neotenic species that has lost the ability to undergo metamorphosis; however, it can be artificially induced by exogenous administration of thyroxine (T4) and 3,3′,5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3). Another TH derivative with demonstrative biological effects in fish and mammals is 3,5-diiodo-L-thyronine (3,5-T2). Because the effects of this bioactive TH remains unexplored in other vertebrates, we hypothesized that it could be biologically active in amphibians and, therefore, could induce metamorphosis in axolotl. We performed a 3,5-T2 treatment by immersion and observed that the secondary gills were retracted, similar to the onset stage phenotype; however, tissue regeneration was observed after treatment withdrawal. In contrast, T4 and T3 immersion equimolar treatments as well as a four-fold increase in 3,5-T2 concentration triggered complete metamorphosis. To identify the possible molecular mechanisms that could explain the contrasting reversible or irreversible effects of 3,5-T2 and T3 upon gill retraction, we performed a transcriptomic analysis of differential expression genes in the gills of control, 3,5-T2–treated, and T3-treated axolotls. We found that both THs modify gene expression patterns. T3 regulates 10 times more genes than 3,5-T2, suggesting that the latter has a lower affinity for TH receptors (TRs) or that these hormones could act through different TR isoforms. However, both TH treatments regulated different gene sets known to participate in tissue development and cell cycle processes. In conclusion, 3,5-T2 is a bioactive iodothyronine that promoted partial gill retraction but induced full metamorphosis in higher concentrations. Differential effects on gill retraction after 3,5,-T2 or T3 treatment could be explained by the activation of different clusters of genes related with apoptosis, regeneration, and proliferation; in addition, these effects could be initially mediated by TRs that are expressed in gills. This study showed, for the first time, the 3,5,-T2 bioactivity in a neotenic amphibian. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-10364608 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-103646082023-07-25 Differential effects of 3,5-T2 and T3 on the gill regeneration and metamorphosis of the Ambystoma mexicanum (axolotl) Lazcano, I. Olvera, A. Pech-Pool, S. M. Sachs, L. Buisine, N. Orozco, A. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) Endocrinology Thyroid hormones (THs) regulate tissue remodeling processes during early- and post-embryonic stages in vertebrates. The Mexican axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) is a neotenic species that has lost the ability to undergo metamorphosis; however, it can be artificially induced by exogenous administration of thyroxine (T4) and 3,3′,5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3). Another TH derivative with demonstrative biological effects in fish and mammals is 3,5-diiodo-L-thyronine (3,5-T2). Because the effects of this bioactive TH remains unexplored in other vertebrates, we hypothesized that it could be biologically active in amphibians and, therefore, could induce metamorphosis in axolotl. We performed a 3,5-T2 treatment by immersion and observed that the secondary gills were retracted, similar to the onset stage phenotype; however, tissue regeneration was observed after treatment withdrawal. In contrast, T4 and T3 immersion equimolar treatments as well as a four-fold increase in 3,5-T2 concentration triggered complete metamorphosis. To identify the possible molecular mechanisms that could explain the contrasting reversible or irreversible effects of 3,5-T2 and T3 upon gill retraction, we performed a transcriptomic analysis of differential expression genes in the gills of control, 3,5-T2–treated, and T3-treated axolotls. We found that both THs modify gene expression patterns. T3 regulates 10 times more genes than 3,5-T2, suggesting that the latter has a lower affinity for TH receptors (TRs) or that these hormones could act through different TR isoforms. However, both TH treatments regulated different gene sets known to participate in tissue development and cell cycle processes. In conclusion, 3,5-T2 is a bioactive iodothyronine that promoted partial gill retraction but induced full metamorphosis in higher concentrations. Differential effects on gill retraction after 3,5,-T2 or T3 treatment could be explained by the activation of different clusters of genes related with apoptosis, regeneration, and proliferation; in addition, these effects could be initially mediated by TRs that are expressed in gills. This study showed, for the first time, the 3,5,-T2 bioactivity in a neotenic amphibian. Frontiers Media S.A. 2023-07-10 /pmc/articles/PMC10364608/ /pubmed/37492199 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1208182 Text en Copyright © 2023 Lazcano, Olvera, Pech-Pool, Sachs, Buisine and Orozco https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Endocrinology Lazcano, I. Olvera, A. Pech-Pool, S. M. Sachs, L. Buisine, N. Orozco, A. Differential effects of 3,5-T2 and T3 on the gill regeneration and metamorphosis of the Ambystoma mexicanum (axolotl) |
title | Differential effects of 3,5-T2 and T3 on the gill regeneration and metamorphosis of the Ambystoma mexicanum (axolotl) |
title_full | Differential effects of 3,5-T2 and T3 on the gill regeneration and metamorphosis of the Ambystoma mexicanum (axolotl) |
title_fullStr | Differential effects of 3,5-T2 and T3 on the gill regeneration and metamorphosis of the Ambystoma mexicanum (axolotl) |
title_full_unstemmed | Differential effects of 3,5-T2 and T3 on the gill regeneration and metamorphosis of the Ambystoma mexicanum (axolotl) |
title_short | Differential effects of 3,5-T2 and T3 on the gill regeneration and metamorphosis of the Ambystoma mexicanum (axolotl) |
title_sort | differential effects of 3,5-t2 and t3 on the gill regeneration and metamorphosis of the ambystoma mexicanum (axolotl) |
topic | Endocrinology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10364608/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37492199 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1208182 |
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