Noncanonical contribution of microglial transcription factor NR4A1 to post-stroke recovery through TNF mRNA destabilization

Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation is involved in various neurological diseases, including ischemic stroke, but the endogenous mechanisms preventing unstrained inflammation is still unclear. The anti-inflammatory role of transcription factor nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 1 (NR4A1) in macrophages and microglia has previously been identified. However, the endogenous mechanisms that how NR4A1 restricts unstrained inflammation remain elusive. Here, we observed that NR4A1 is up-regulated in the cytoplasm of activated microglia and localizes to processing bodies (P-bodies). In addition, we found that cytoplasmic NR4A1 functions as an RNA-binding protein (RBP) that directly binds and destabilizes Tnf mRNA in an N6-methyladenosine (m(6)A)-dependent manner. Remarkably, conditional microglial deletion of Nr4a1 elevates Tnf expression and worsens outcomes in a mouse model of ischemic stroke, in which case NR4A1 expression is significantly induced in the cytoplasm of microglia. Thus, our study illustrates a novel mechanism that NR4A1 posttranscriptionally regulates Tnf expression in microglia and determines stroke outcomes.