Origin, course, and distribution of the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve and the spatial relationship among its branches

This study aimed to elucidate the origin, course, and distribution of the branches of the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve, considering the segmental and dorsoventral compositions of the sacral plexus, including the pudendal nerve. The buttocks and thighs of five cadavers were analyzed bilaterally. The branches emerged from the sacral plexus, which was divided dorsally to ventrally into the superior gluteal, inferior gluteal, common peroneal, tibial, and pudendal nerves. It descended lateral to the ischial tuberosity and comprised the thigh, gluteal, and perineal branches. As for the thigh and gluteal branches, the dorsoventral order of those originating from the sacral plexus corresponded to the lateromedial order of their distribution. However, the dorsoventral boundary was displaced at the inferior margin of the gluteus maximus between the thigh and gluteal branches. The perineal branch originated from the ventral branch of the nerve roots. In addition, the pudendal nerve branches, which ran medially to the ischial tuberosity, were distributed in the medial part of the inferior gluteal region. These branches should be distinguished from the gluteal branches; the former should be classified as the medial inferior cluneal nerves and the latter as the lateral ones. Finally, the medial part of the inferior gluteal region was distributed by branches of the dorsal sacral rami, which may correspond to the medial cluneal nerves. Thus, the composition of the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve is considered necessary when considering the dorsoventral relationships of the sacral plexus and boundaries of the dorsal and ventral rami.