Association Between Exposure to Ozone (O(3)) and the Short-Term Effect on Tuberculosis Outpatient Visits: A Time-Series Study in 16 Cities of Anhui Province, China

INTRODUCTION: Evidence has shown that air pollutant exposure plays a vital role in the progression of tuberculosis (TB). The aim of this research was to assess the short-term effects of ozone (O(3)) exposure and TB outpatient visits in 16 prefecture-level cities of Anhui, China, 2015–2020. METHODS: Distributed lag nonlinear model (DLNM), Poisson generalized linear regression model and random effects model were applied in this study. The effects of different age and gender on TB were investigated by stratified analysis, and then we performed sensitivity analyses to verify the stability of the results. RESULTS: A total of 186,623 active TB cases were registered from January 1, 2015 to December 31,2020 in Anhui. The average concentration of ozone is 92.77 ± 42.95 μg/m(3). The maximum lag-specific and cumulative relative risk (RR) of TB outpatient visits was 1.0240 (95% CI: 1.0170–1.0310, lag 28 days) for each 10 µg/m³ increase in O(3) in the single-pollutant model. Estimation for 16 prefecture-level cities indicated that the strong association between O(3) and the risk of TB outpatient visits was in tongling (RR = 1.0555, 95% CI: 1.0089–1.1042), Suzhou (RR = 1.0475, 95% CI: 1.0268–1.0687), wuhu (RR = 1.0358, 95% CI: 1.0023–1.0704). Stratified analysis showed that the health effects of ozone exposure remained significant in male and older adults, and there was no significant association between exposure to ozone in children and adolescents and the risk of tuberculosis. DISCUSSION: We found that ozone exposure increases the risk of TB infection in outpatient patients, with males and the elderly being more susceptible, and it is necessary for government departments to develop targeted publicity and prevention measures in response to the local air quality conditions.