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The Usefulness of Thyroid Antibodies in the Diagnostic Approach to Autoimmune Thyroid Disease
Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) refers to a spectrum of various diseases, with two extremes of clinical presentation, hypothyroidism (Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) and hyperthyroidism (Graves–Basedow disease (GBD)). Both conditions are characterized by presenting a cellular and humoral autoimmune r...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2023
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10366745/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37489370 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antib12030048 |
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author | Vargas-Uricoechea, Hernando Nogueira, Juan Patricio Pinzón-Fernández, María V. Schwarzstein, Diego |
author_facet | Vargas-Uricoechea, Hernando Nogueira, Juan Patricio Pinzón-Fernández, María V. Schwarzstein, Diego |
author_sort | Vargas-Uricoechea, Hernando |
collection | PubMed |
description | Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) refers to a spectrum of various diseases, with two extremes of clinical presentation, hypothyroidism (Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) and hyperthyroidism (Graves–Basedow disease (GBD)). Both conditions are characterized by presenting a cellular and humoral autoimmune reaction, with an increase in the synthesis and secretion of antibodies directed toward various thyroid antigens, together with a phenomenon of thyrocyte necrosis and apoptosis (in HT) and a persistent thyrotropin-receptor stimulation (in GBD). The diagnosis of both entities is based on clinical, laboratory, and imaging findings. Three major anti-thyroid antibodies have been described, those directed against the TSH receptor (TRAb), against thyroid peroxidase (TPOAb), and against thyroglobulin (TgAb). Each of these autoantibodies plays a fundamental role in the diagnostic approach of autoimmune thyroid disease. TRAbs are the hallmark of GBD, and additionally, they are predictors of response to disease treatment, among other utilities. Likewise, TPOAb and TgAb allow for identifying individuals with a higher risk of progression to hypothyroidism; the positivity of one or both autoantibodies defines the presence of thyroid autoimmunity. In this review, the usefulness of anti-thyroid antibodies in the diagnostic approach to autoimmune thyroid disease is described. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-10366745 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-103667452023-07-26 The Usefulness of Thyroid Antibodies in the Diagnostic Approach to Autoimmune Thyroid Disease Vargas-Uricoechea, Hernando Nogueira, Juan Patricio Pinzón-Fernández, María V. Schwarzstein, Diego Antibodies (Basel) Review Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) refers to a spectrum of various diseases, with two extremes of clinical presentation, hypothyroidism (Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) and hyperthyroidism (Graves–Basedow disease (GBD)). Both conditions are characterized by presenting a cellular and humoral autoimmune reaction, with an increase in the synthesis and secretion of antibodies directed toward various thyroid antigens, together with a phenomenon of thyrocyte necrosis and apoptosis (in HT) and a persistent thyrotropin-receptor stimulation (in GBD). The diagnosis of both entities is based on clinical, laboratory, and imaging findings. Three major anti-thyroid antibodies have been described, those directed against the TSH receptor (TRAb), against thyroid peroxidase (TPOAb), and against thyroglobulin (TgAb). Each of these autoantibodies plays a fundamental role in the diagnostic approach of autoimmune thyroid disease. TRAbs are the hallmark of GBD, and additionally, they are predictors of response to disease treatment, among other utilities. Likewise, TPOAb and TgAb allow for identifying individuals with a higher risk of progression to hypothyroidism; the positivity of one or both autoantibodies defines the presence of thyroid autoimmunity. In this review, the usefulness of anti-thyroid antibodies in the diagnostic approach to autoimmune thyroid disease is described. MDPI 2023-07-22 /pmc/articles/PMC10366745/ /pubmed/37489370 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antib12030048 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Vargas-Uricoechea, Hernando Nogueira, Juan Patricio Pinzón-Fernández, María V. Schwarzstein, Diego The Usefulness of Thyroid Antibodies in the Diagnostic Approach to Autoimmune Thyroid Disease |
title | The Usefulness of Thyroid Antibodies in the Diagnostic Approach to Autoimmune Thyroid Disease |
title_full | The Usefulness of Thyroid Antibodies in the Diagnostic Approach to Autoimmune Thyroid Disease |
title_fullStr | The Usefulness of Thyroid Antibodies in the Diagnostic Approach to Autoimmune Thyroid Disease |
title_full_unstemmed | The Usefulness of Thyroid Antibodies in the Diagnostic Approach to Autoimmune Thyroid Disease |
title_short | The Usefulness of Thyroid Antibodies in the Diagnostic Approach to Autoimmune Thyroid Disease |
title_sort | usefulness of thyroid antibodies in the diagnostic approach to autoimmune thyroid disease |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10366745/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37489370 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antib12030048 |
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