The gut-brain axis mediates bacterial driven modulation of reward signaling

OBJECTIVE: Our goal is to investigate if microbiota composition modulates reward signaling and assess the role of the vagus in mediating microbiota to brain communication. METHODS: Male germ-free Fisher rats were colonized with gastrointestinal contents from chow (low fat (LF) ConvLF) or HF (ConvHF) fed rats. RESULTS: Following colonization, ConvHF rats consumed significantly more food than ConvLF animals. ConvHF rats displayed lower feeding-induced extracellular DOPAC levels (a metabolite of dopamine) in the Nucleus Accumbens (NAc) as well as reduced motivation for HF foods compared to ConvLF rats. Dopamine receptor 2 (DDR2) expression levels in the NAc were also significantly lower in ConvHF animals. Similar deficits were observed in conventionally raised HF fed rats, showing that diet-driven alteration in reward can be initiated via microbiota. Selective gut to brain deafferentation restored DOPAC levels, DRD2 expression, and motivational drive in ConvHF rats. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded from these data that a HF-type microbiota is sufficient to alter appetitive feeding behavior and that bacteria to reward communication is mediated by the vagus nerve.