Facile synthesis of robust Ag/ZnO composites by sol–gel autocombustion and ion-impregnation for the photocatalytic degradation of sucrose

Metallic Ag nanoparticles decorated on ZnO photocatalysts were prepared by facile sol–gel autocombustion followed by ion-impregnation. Electron microscopy studies revealed the presence of impregnated Ag as nanoparticles on ZnO surfaces, which affected the microstructure of ZnO particles. XRD patterns of Ag/ZnO composites confirmed the metallic phase of Ag. No peak shift for ZnO phase peaks suggests that the impregnated Ag was barely incorporated into the ZnO lattice. Consequently, DRS spectra of Ag/ZnO composites revealed the same absorption edges and E(g) for pure and Ag/ZnO. The photocatalytic activity of Ag/ZnO composites for sucrose degradation under UV light was 40% higher than that of pure ZnO. Metallic Ag nanoparticles on the ZnO surface suppressed the surface defects and the recombination of photoexcited electrons and holes. The highest activity with 100% degradation of 100 ppm sucrose (1200 µg of carbon) within 105 min was achieved using ZnO with 10% w/w Ag (10% Ag/ZnO). Ag L3-edge XANES spectra of fresh and spent Ag/ZnO catalysts confirmed the stability of metallic Ag after the usage. The Ag/ZnO catalyst could be used for 5 cycles without losing photocatalytic activity. The Ag/ZnO catalyst was utilized to degrade sugar-contaminated condensate from the sugar mill. 10% Ag/ZnO revealed the highest photocatalytic performance, capable of degrading 90% of sugar in the condensate within 90 min.