Morphology, Behaviour and Evolution of Gallotia Lizards from the Canary Islands

SIMPLE SUMMARY: We review the results of studies performed during the last four decades on the morphology, behaviour and evolution of lizards of the genus Gallotia, from the Canary Islands. We show that there is sexual dimorphism in all species of that genus, with males having larger snout-vent length (SVL), head width (HW) and hind limb lengths (HLLs) than females. The changes in SVL of males and females have been correlated throughout the evolution of these lizards in the islands. In two species, longer HLLs were found in populations from open (less vegetation) rather than closed habitats. In most species, males have a more conspicuous coloration, with blue or green large lateral spots. Blue spots in some species also have their peak reflectance in the ultraviolet part of the spectrum (300–400 nm wavelength). Detailed analysis of Gallotia galloti shows a large repertoire of behaviour patterns, and results of intramale competition trials show that the outcome of fights depends on several morphological patterns and especially on bite frequency. Detailed behavioural analyses of individuals of two endangered lizard species proved to be a useful tool for keeping them while in breeding centres, as well as to train them to recognize local predators before they were reintroduced into natural habitats. ABSTRACT: We summarize, here, the results from several studies conducted over many years on several endemic species of lizards (genus Gallotia) from the Canary Islands. Quantitative analyses show clear differences both among the species of every island and populations within each species. Sexual dimorphism exists in all analysed species, and a phylogenetic analysis shows that the degree of dimorphism did not change along the evolutionary history of the Canary Islands: species with large and small body sizes have a similar degree of sexual dimorphism, with male body size changes closely following those undergone by females. In G. caesaris (from El Hierro and La Gomera islands) and in G. stehlini (from Gran Canaria), longer hind limb length was correlated with more open habitats. Within most species, males are more conspicuous than females, mainly in terms of body size, behaviour and coloration pattern. Lateral colour spots are blue in most species and green in others. In G. galloti from Tenerife, male lateral spots have larger spot areas and percentage of reflectance in the ultraviolet/blue part of the spectrum than females. This trait shows a monthly variation along April to July, both in males and females, its magnitude being larger in May–June. Behaviour analysis, especially in the last species, shows a great diversity in behaviour patterns, and analysis of intrasexual male competition revealed that contest outcome depends on several morphological and colouration characteristics but mainly on the individual’s behaviour. Detailed behavioural analyses were useful for managing a few captive individuals of the highly endangered G. bravoana from La Gomera island. Experimental analyses of some behaviours in the endemic Hierro island lizard (G. simonyi, in danger of extinction) show that individuals may learn to recognize predator models and increase their running speeds with training.