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Detection of Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy via Hyperspectral and Deep Learning through Ophthalmoscope Images
Hydroxychloroquine, also known as quinine, is primarily utilized to manage various autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and Sjogren’s syndrome. However, this drug has side effects, including diarrhea, blurred vision, headache, skin itching, poor appetite,...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2023
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10377856/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37510118 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13142373 |
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author | Fan, Wen-Shuang Nguyen, Hong-Thai Wang, Ching-Yu Liang, Shih-Wun Tsao, Yu-Ming Lin, Fen-Chi Wang, Hsiang-Chen |
author_facet | Fan, Wen-Shuang Nguyen, Hong-Thai Wang, Ching-Yu Liang, Shih-Wun Tsao, Yu-Ming Lin, Fen-Chi Wang, Hsiang-Chen |
author_sort | Fan, Wen-Shuang |
collection | PubMed |
description | Hydroxychloroquine, also known as quinine, is primarily utilized to manage various autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and Sjogren’s syndrome. However, this drug has side effects, including diarrhea, blurred vision, headache, skin itching, poor appetite, and gastrointestinal discomfort. Blurred vision is caused by irreversible retinal damages and can only be mitigated by reducing hydroxychloroquine dosage or discontinuing the drug under a physician’s supervision. In this study, color fundus images were utilized to identify differences in lesions caused by hydroxychloroquine. A total of 176 color fundus images were captured from a cohort of 91 participants, comprising 25 patients diagnosed with hydroxychloroquine retinopathy and 66 individuals without any retinopathy. The mean age of the participants was 75.67 ± 7.76. Following the selection of a specific region of interest within each image, hyperspectral conversion technology was employed to obtain the spectrum of the sampled image. Spectral analysis was then conducted to discern differences between normal and hydroxychloroquine-induced lesions that are imperceptible to the human eye on the color fundus images. We implemented a deep learning model to detect lesions, leveraging four artificial neural networks (ResNet50, Inception_v3, GoogLeNet, and EfficientNet). The overall accuracy of ResNet50 reached 93% for the original images (ORIs) and 96% for the hyperspectral images (HSIs). The overall accuracy of Inception_v3 was 87% for ORIs and 91% for HSI, and that of GoogLeNet was 88% for ORIs and 91% for HSIs. Finally, EfficientNet achieved an overall accuracy of 94% for ORIs and 97% for HSIs. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-10377856 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-103778562023-07-29 Detection of Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy via Hyperspectral and Deep Learning through Ophthalmoscope Images Fan, Wen-Shuang Nguyen, Hong-Thai Wang, Ching-Yu Liang, Shih-Wun Tsao, Yu-Ming Lin, Fen-Chi Wang, Hsiang-Chen Diagnostics (Basel) Article Hydroxychloroquine, also known as quinine, is primarily utilized to manage various autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and Sjogren’s syndrome. However, this drug has side effects, including diarrhea, blurred vision, headache, skin itching, poor appetite, and gastrointestinal discomfort. Blurred vision is caused by irreversible retinal damages and can only be mitigated by reducing hydroxychloroquine dosage or discontinuing the drug under a physician’s supervision. In this study, color fundus images were utilized to identify differences in lesions caused by hydroxychloroquine. A total of 176 color fundus images were captured from a cohort of 91 participants, comprising 25 patients diagnosed with hydroxychloroquine retinopathy and 66 individuals without any retinopathy. The mean age of the participants was 75.67 ± 7.76. Following the selection of a specific region of interest within each image, hyperspectral conversion technology was employed to obtain the spectrum of the sampled image. Spectral analysis was then conducted to discern differences between normal and hydroxychloroquine-induced lesions that are imperceptible to the human eye on the color fundus images. We implemented a deep learning model to detect lesions, leveraging four artificial neural networks (ResNet50, Inception_v3, GoogLeNet, and EfficientNet). The overall accuracy of ResNet50 reached 93% for the original images (ORIs) and 96% for the hyperspectral images (HSIs). The overall accuracy of Inception_v3 was 87% for ORIs and 91% for HSI, and that of GoogLeNet was 88% for ORIs and 91% for HSIs. Finally, EfficientNet achieved an overall accuracy of 94% for ORIs and 97% for HSIs. MDPI 2023-07-14 /pmc/articles/PMC10377856/ /pubmed/37510118 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13142373 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Fan, Wen-Shuang Nguyen, Hong-Thai Wang, Ching-Yu Liang, Shih-Wun Tsao, Yu-Ming Lin, Fen-Chi Wang, Hsiang-Chen Detection of Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy via Hyperspectral and Deep Learning through Ophthalmoscope Images |
title | Detection of Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy via Hyperspectral and Deep Learning through Ophthalmoscope Images |
title_full | Detection of Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy via Hyperspectral and Deep Learning through Ophthalmoscope Images |
title_fullStr | Detection of Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy via Hyperspectral and Deep Learning through Ophthalmoscope Images |
title_full_unstemmed | Detection of Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy via Hyperspectral and Deep Learning through Ophthalmoscope Images |
title_short | Detection of Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy via Hyperspectral and Deep Learning through Ophthalmoscope Images |
title_sort | detection of hydroxychloroquine retinopathy via hyperspectral and deep learning through ophthalmoscope images |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10377856/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37510118 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13142373 |
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