Multilocus Sequence Analysis and Detection of Copper Ion Resistance of Xanthomonas phaseoli pv. manihotis Causing Bacterial Blight in Cassava

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is an important tropical tuber crop around the world. Cassava bacterial blight, caused by Xanthomonas phaseoli pv. manihotis, is a key disease that influences cassava production worldwide. Between 2008 and 2020, 50 X. phaseoli pv. manihotis strains were isolated from diseased plant samples or acquired from China, Uganda, Cambodia, Colombia, Malaysia, and Micronesia. Using multilocus sequence analysis, the genetic diversity of X. phaseoli pv. manihotis strains was evaluated. A neighbor-joining phylogenetic dendrogram was constructed based on partial sequences of five housekeeping genes (atpD-dnaK-gyrB-efp-rpoD). The strains clustered into three groups whose clusters were consistent with atpD and RpoD gene sequences. Group I contained 46 strains from China, Uganda, Cambodia, and Micronesia, and the other two groups were comprised of strains from Colombia and Malaysia, respectively. The resistance of all these strains to copper ion (Cu(2+)) was determined, the minimal inhibitory concentration was between 1.3 and 1.7 mM, and there was no significant difference between strains from different geographic region. During genome annotation of the X. phaseoli pv. manihotis strain CHN01, homologous gene clusters of copLAB and xmeRSA were identified. The predicted amino acid sequences of two gene clusters were highly homologous with the copper-resistant protein from Xanthomonas strains. CopLAB and xmeRSA were amplified from all these strains, suggesting that the regulation of copper resistance is associated with two distinct metabolic pathways. CopLAB and xmeRSA were highly conserved among strains from different geographic regions, possibly associated with other conserved function.