Activity Changes of the Peptic Lactoferrin Hydrolysate in Human Gastric Cancer AGS Cells in Response to Cu(II) or Mn(II) Addition

Lactoferrin is an interesting bioactive protein in milk and can interact with various metal ions of trace elements such as copper, iron, manganese, and others. In this study, a lactoferrin hydrolysate (LFH) was generated from commercial bovine lactoferrin by protease pepsin, fortified with Cu(2+) (or Mn(2+)) at two levels of 0.64 and 1.28 (or 0.28 and 0.56) mg/g protein, respectively, and then measured for the resultant bioactivity changes in the well-differentiated human gastric cancer AGS cells. The assaying results indicated that the LFH and Cu/Mn-fortified products had long-term anti-proliferation on the cells, while the treated cells showed DNA fragmentation and increased apoptotic cell proportions. Regarding the control cells, the cells treated with the LFH and especially Cu/Mn-fortified LFH had remarkably up-regulated mRNA expression of caspase-3 and Bax by respective 1.21–3.23 and 2.23–2.83 folds, together with down-regulated mRNA expression Bcl-2 by 0.88–0.96 folds. Moreover, Western-blot assaying results also indicated that the cells exposed to the LFH and Cu/Mn-fortified LFH (especially Mn at higher level) for 24 h had an enhanced caspase-3 expression and increased ratio of Bax/Bcl-2. It can thus be concluded that the used Cu/Mn-addition to the LFH may lead to increased bioactivity in the AGS cells; to be more specific, the two metal ions at the used addition levels could endow LFH with a higher ability to cause cell apoptosis by activating caspase-3 and increasing the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio.