Antenatal diagnosis and management of pregnancy luteoma: A case report and literature review

Pregnancy luoteomas are tumor-like ovarian lesions that emerge during pregnancy and spontaneously regress after delivery. Antenatal diagnosis is infrequently reported, and unnecessary surgery appears to be common in literature reports. CASE SUMMARY: A 28-year-old primigravida with bilateral adnexal masses was discovered at 32 + 5 weeks during prenatal ultrasound evaluation. Combined with clinical presentation, auxiliary examinations including blood test, magnetic resonance imaging, gastroscopy, and consultation of multi-disciplinary team, we successfully made a diagnosis of pregnancy luteoma and provided conservative management recommendations. A cesarean section was conducted on this patient at 34 + 2 weeks of gestation due to fetal distress. The newborn was small for gestational age but normal in appearance. We performed biopsies of the adnexal masses, which were confirmed to be pregnancy luteomas using both intraoperative frozen section and final pathological diagnosis. Serum testosterone, cancer antigen 125, and alpha-fetoprotein levels gradually declined and normalized on postoperative day 28. The masses significantly decreased in size as shown by ultrasonic and magnetic resonance imaging examination on postoperative day 7, with the ovaries returning to their normal size by postoperative day 30. CONCLUSION: Prenatal diagnosis of pregnancy luteoma poses a challenge, requiring hormonal examinations, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, and gastrointestinal endoscopy for identification. Caution must be exercised to avoid overtreatment. While additional cases are needed to summarize the imaging features and effects of excess hormones on the both mother and fetus, further research is necessary for a comprehensive understanding.