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Atezolizumab Induces Necroptosis and Contributes to Hepatotoxicity of Human Hepatocytes

Atezolizumab is an immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) targeting PD-L1 for treatment of solid malignancies. Immune checkpoints control the immune tolerance, and the adverse events such as hepatotoxicity induced by ICIs are often considered as an immune-related adverse event (irAE). However, PD-L1 is a...

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Autores principales: Endo, Yukinori, Winarski, Katie L., Sajib, Md Sanaullah, Ju, Anna, Wu, Wen Jin
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10380327/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37511454
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms241411694
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author Endo, Yukinori
Winarski, Katie L.
Sajib, Md Sanaullah
Ju, Anna
Wu, Wen Jin
author_facet Endo, Yukinori
Winarski, Katie L.
Sajib, Md Sanaullah
Ju, Anna
Wu, Wen Jin
author_sort Endo, Yukinori
collection PubMed
description Atezolizumab is an immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) targeting PD-L1 for treatment of solid malignancies. Immune checkpoints control the immune tolerance, and the adverse events such as hepatotoxicity induced by ICIs are often considered as an immune-related adverse event (irAE). However, PD-L1 is also highly expressed in normal tissues, e.g., hepatocytes. It is still not clear whether, targeting PD-L1 on hepatocytes, the atezolizumab may cause damage to liver cells contributing to hepatotoxicity. Here, we reveal a novel mechanism by which the atezolizumab induces hepatotoxicity in human hepatocytes. We find that the atezolizumab treatment increases a release of LDH in the cell culture medium of human hepatocytes (human primary hepatocytes and THLE-2 cells), decreases cell viability, and inhibits the THLE-2 and THLE-3 cell growth. We demonstrate that both the atezolizumab and the conditioned medium (T-CM) derived from activated T cells can induce necroptosis of the THLE-2 cells, which is underscored by the fact that the atezolizumab and T-CM enhance the phosphorylation of RIP3 and MLKL proteins. Furthermore, we also show that necrostatin-1, a necrosome inhibitor, decreases the amount of phosphorylated RIP3 induced by the atezolizumab, resulting in a reduced LDH release in the culture media of the THLE-2 cells. This finding is further supported by the data that GSK872 (a RIP3 inhibitor) significantly reduced the atezolizumab-induced LDH release. Taken together, our data indicate that the atezolizumab induces PD-L1-mediated necrosome formation, contributing to hepatotoxicity in PD-L1(+)-human hepatocytes. This study provides the molecular basis of the atezolizumab-induced hepatotoxicity and opens a new avenue for developing a novel therapeutic approach to reducing hepatotoxicity induced by ICIs.
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spelling pubmed-103803272023-07-29 Atezolizumab Induces Necroptosis and Contributes to Hepatotoxicity of Human Hepatocytes Endo, Yukinori Winarski, Katie L. Sajib, Md Sanaullah Ju, Anna Wu, Wen Jin Int J Mol Sci Article Atezolizumab is an immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) targeting PD-L1 for treatment of solid malignancies. Immune checkpoints control the immune tolerance, and the adverse events such as hepatotoxicity induced by ICIs are often considered as an immune-related adverse event (irAE). However, PD-L1 is also highly expressed in normal tissues, e.g., hepatocytes. It is still not clear whether, targeting PD-L1 on hepatocytes, the atezolizumab may cause damage to liver cells contributing to hepatotoxicity. Here, we reveal a novel mechanism by which the atezolizumab induces hepatotoxicity in human hepatocytes. We find that the atezolizumab treatment increases a release of LDH in the cell culture medium of human hepatocytes (human primary hepatocytes and THLE-2 cells), decreases cell viability, and inhibits the THLE-2 and THLE-3 cell growth. We demonstrate that both the atezolizumab and the conditioned medium (T-CM) derived from activated T cells can induce necroptosis of the THLE-2 cells, which is underscored by the fact that the atezolizumab and T-CM enhance the phosphorylation of RIP3 and MLKL proteins. Furthermore, we also show that necrostatin-1, a necrosome inhibitor, decreases the amount of phosphorylated RIP3 induced by the atezolizumab, resulting in a reduced LDH release in the culture media of the THLE-2 cells. This finding is further supported by the data that GSK872 (a RIP3 inhibitor) significantly reduced the atezolizumab-induced LDH release. Taken together, our data indicate that the atezolizumab induces PD-L1-mediated necrosome formation, contributing to hepatotoxicity in PD-L1(+)-human hepatocytes. This study provides the molecular basis of the atezolizumab-induced hepatotoxicity and opens a new avenue for developing a novel therapeutic approach to reducing hepatotoxicity induced by ICIs. MDPI 2023-07-20 /pmc/articles/PMC10380327/ /pubmed/37511454 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms241411694 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Endo, Yukinori
Winarski, Katie L.
Sajib, Md Sanaullah
Ju, Anna
Wu, Wen Jin
Atezolizumab Induces Necroptosis and Contributes to Hepatotoxicity of Human Hepatocytes
title Atezolizumab Induces Necroptosis and Contributes to Hepatotoxicity of Human Hepatocytes
title_full Atezolizumab Induces Necroptosis and Contributes to Hepatotoxicity of Human Hepatocytes
title_fullStr Atezolizumab Induces Necroptosis and Contributes to Hepatotoxicity of Human Hepatocytes
title_full_unstemmed Atezolizumab Induces Necroptosis and Contributes to Hepatotoxicity of Human Hepatocytes
title_short Atezolizumab Induces Necroptosis and Contributes to Hepatotoxicity of Human Hepatocytes
title_sort atezolizumab induces necroptosis and contributes to hepatotoxicity of human hepatocytes
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10380327/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37511454
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms241411694
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