Preparation of NH(4)Cl-Modified Carbon Materials via High-Temperature Calcination and Their Application in the Negative Electrode of Lead-Carbon Batteries

The performance of lead-acid batteries could be significantly increased by incorporating carbon materials into the negative electrodes. In this study, a modified carbon material developed via a simple high-temperature calcination method was employed as a negative electrode additive, and we have named it as follows: N-doped chitosan-derived carbon (NCC). The performance of this material was compared with a control battery containing activated carbon (AC). X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy were engaged in analyzing the crystal structure and morphology of the material. Afterwards, the electrochemical and battery performance was examined through cyclic voltammetry (CV), linear voltammetry (LSV) and constant current charge-discharge testing. Markedly, the electrode plate containing 1 wt.% NCC indicates the highest specific capacity (106.48 F g(−1)) as compared to the control battery, which is 1.56 times higher than the AC electrode plate and 4.75 times higher than the blank electrode plate. The linear voltammetry shows that the hydrogen precipitation current density of the 1 wt.% NCC electrode plate is only −0.028 A cm(−2), a much higher value than that of the AC electrode plate. In addition, the simulated battery containing 1 wt.% NCC has a cycle life of 4324 cycles, which is 2.36 times longer than that of the same amount of additive AC battery (1834 cycles) and 5.34 times longer than that of the blank battery (809 cycles). In summary, NCC carbon has the advantage of extending the life of lead-acid batteries, rendering it a promising candidate for lead-acid battery additives.