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Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination Status: Wuchereria bancrofti Infections in Human Populations after Five Effective Rounds of Mass Drug Administration in Zambia

Lymphatic filariasis (LF), also commonly known as elephantiasis, is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) caused by filarial parasites. The disease is transmitted via a bite from infected mosquitoes. The bites of these infected mosquitoes deposit filarial parasites, Wuchereria or Brugia, whose predilec...

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Autores principales: Matapo, Belem Blamwell, Mpabalwani, Evans Mwila, Kaonga, Patrick, Simuunza, Martin Chitolongo, Bakyaita, Nathan, Masaninga, Freddie, Siyumbwa, Namasiku, Siziya, Seter, Shamilimo, Frank, Muzongwe, Chilweza, Mwase, Enala T., Sikasunge, Chummy Sikalizyo
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10383567/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37505629
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8070333
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author Matapo, Belem Blamwell
Mpabalwani, Evans Mwila
Kaonga, Patrick
Simuunza, Martin Chitolongo
Bakyaita, Nathan
Masaninga, Freddie
Siyumbwa, Namasiku
Siziya, Seter
Shamilimo, Frank
Muzongwe, Chilweza
Mwase, Enala T.
Sikasunge, Chummy Sikalizyo
author_facet Matapo, Belem Blamwell
Mpabalwani, Evans Mwila
Kaonga, Patrick
Simuunza, Martin Chitolongo
Bakyaita, Nathan
Masaninga, Freddie
Siyumbwa, Namasiku
Siziya, Seter
Shamilimo, Frank
Muzongwe, Chilweza
Mwase, Enala T.
Sikasunge, Chummy Sikalizyo
author_sort Matapo, Belem Blamwell
collection PubMed
description Lymphatic filariasis (LF), also commonly known as elephantiasis, is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) caused by filarial parasites. The disease is transmitted via a bite from infected mosquitoes. The bites of these infected mosquitoes deposit filarial parasites, Wuchereria or Brugia, whose predilection site is the lymphatic system. The damage to the lymph system causes swelling in the legs, arms, and genitalia. A mapping survey conducted between 2003 and 2011 determined LF as being endemic in Zambia in 96 out of 116 districts. Elimination of LF is known to be possible by stopping the spread of the infection through large-scale preventive chemotherapy. Therefore, mass drug administration (MDA) with diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC) (6 mg/kg) and Albendazole (400 mg) for Zambia has been conducted and implemented in all endemic districts with five effective rounds. In order to determine whether LF prevalence has been sufficiently reduced to levels less than 2% antigenemia and less than 1% microfilaremia, a pre-transmission assessment survey (pre-TAS) was conducted. Therefore, post-MDA pre-TAS was conducted between 2021 and 2022 in 80 districts to determine the LF prevalence. We conducted a cross-sectional seroprevalence study involving 600 participants in each evaluation unit (EU) or each district. The study sites (sentinel and spot-check sites) were from districts that were the implementation units (IUs) of the LF MDA. These included 80 districts from the 9 provinces. A total of 47,235 people from sentinel and spot-check locations were tested. Of these, valid tests were 47,052, of which 27,762 (59%) were females and 19,290 (41%) were males. The survey revealed in the 79/80 endemic districts a prevalence of Wb antigens of 0.14% and 0.0% prevalence of microfilariae. All the surveyed districts had an optimum prevalence of less than 2% for antigenaemia, except for Chibombo district. The majority of participants that tested positive for Wuchereria bancrofti (Wb) Antigens (Ag) were those that had 2, 3, and 4 rounds of MDA. Surprisingly, individuals that had 1 round of MDA were not found to have circulating antigens of Wb. The study showed that all the surveyed districts, except for Chibombo, passed pre-TAS. This further implies that there is a need to conduct transmission assessment surveys (TASs) in these districts.
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spelling pubmed-103835672023-07-30 Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination Status: Wuchereria bancrofti Infections in Human Populations after Five Effective Rounds of Mass Drug Administration in Zambia Matapo, Belem Blamwell Mpabalwani, Evans Mwila Kaonga, Patrick Simuunza, Martin Chitolongo Bakyaita, Nathan Masaninga, Freddie Siyumbwa, Namasiku Siziya, Seter Shamilimo, Frank Muzongwe, Chilweza Mwase, Enala T. Sikasunge, Chummy Sikalizyo Trop Med Infect Dis Article Lymphatic filariasis (LF), also commonly known as elephantiasis, is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) caused by filarial parasites. The disease is transmitted via a bite from infected mosquitoes. The bites of these infected mosquitoes deposit filarial parasites, Wuchereria or Brugia, whose predilection site is the lymphatic system. The damage to the lymph system causes swelling in the legs, arms, and genitalia. A mapping survey conducted between 2003 and 2011 determined LF as being endemic in Zambia in 96 out of 116 districts. Elimination of LF is known to be possible by stopping the spread of the infection through large-scale preventive chemotherapy. Therefore, mass drug administration (MDA) with diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC) (6 mg/kg) and Albendazole (400 mg) for Zambia has been conducted and implemented in all endemic districts with five effective rounds. In order to determine whether LF prevalence has been sufficiently reduced to levels less than 2% antigenemia and less than 1% microfilaremia, a pre-transmission assessment survey (pre-TAS) was conducted. Therefore, post-MDA pre-TAS was conducted between 2021 and 2022 in 80 districts to determine the LF prevalence. We conducted a cross-sectional seroprevalence study involving 600 participants in each evaluation unit (EU) or each district. The study sites (sentinel and spot-check sites) were from districts that were the implementation units (IUs) of the LF MDA. These included 80 districts from the 9 provinces. A total of 47,235 people from sentinel and spot-check locations were tested. Of these, valid tests were 47,052, of which 27,762 (59%) were females and 19,290 (41%) were males. The survey revealed in the 79/80 endemic districts a prevalence of Wb antigens of 0.14% and 0.0% prevalence of microfilariae. All the surveyed districts had an optimum prevalence of less than 2% for antigenaemia, except for Chibombo district. The majority of participants that tested positive for Wuchereria bancrofti (Wb) Antigens (Ag) were those that had 2, 3, and 4 rounds of MDA. Surprisingly, individuals that had 1 round of MDA were not found to have circulating antigens of Wb. The study showed that all the surveyed districts, except for Chibombo, passed pre-TAS. This further implies that there is a need to conduct transmission assessment surveys (TASs) in these districts. MDPI 2023-06-22 /pmc/articles/PMC10383567/ /pubmed/37505629 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8070333 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Matapo, Belem Blamwell
Mpabalwani, Evans Mwila
Kaonga, Patrick
Simuunza, Martin Chitolongo
Bakyaita, Nathan
Masaninga, Freddie
Siyumbwa, Namasiku
Siziya, Seter
Shamilimo, Frank
Muzongwe, Chilweza
Mwase, Enala T.
Sikasunge, Chummy Sikalizyo
Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination Status: Wuchereria bancrofti Infections in Human Populations after Five Effective Rounds of Mass Drug Administration in Zambia
title Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination Status: Wuchereria bancrofti Infections in Human Populations after Five Effective Rounds of Mass Drug Administration in Zambia
title_full Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination Status: Wuchereria bancrofti Infections in Human Populations after Five Effective Rounds of Mass Drug Administration in Zambia
title_fullStr Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination Status: Wuchereria bancrofti Infections in Human Populations after Five Effective Rounds of Mass Drug Administration in Zambia
title_full_unstemmed Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination Status: Wuchereria bancrofti Infections in Human Populations after Five Effective Rounds of Mass Drug Administration in Zambia
title_short Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination Status: Wuchereria bancrofti Infections in Human Populations after Five Effective Rounds of Mass Drug Administration in Zambia
title_sort lymphatic filariasis elimination status: wuchereria bancrofti infections in human populations after five effective rounds of mass drug administration in zambia
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10383567/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37505629
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8070333
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