Photocatalytic CO(2) Conversion into Solar Fuels Using Carbon-Based Materials—A Review

Carbon materials with elusive 0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D nanostructures and high surface area provide certain emerging applications in electrocatalytic and photocatalytic CO(2) utilization. Since carbon possesses high electrical conductivity, it expels the photogenerated electrons from the catalytic surface and can tune the photocatalytic activity in the visible-light region. However, the photocatalytic efficiency of pristine carbon is comparatively low due to the high recombination of photogenerated carriers. Thus, supporting carbon materials, such as graphene, CNTs (Carbon nanotubes), g-C(3)N(4), MWCNs (Multiwall carbon nanotubes), conducting polymers, and its other simpler forms like activated carbon, nanofibers, nanosheets, and nanoparticles, are usually combined with other metal and non-metal nanocomposites to increase the CO(2) absorption and conversion. In addition, carbon-based materials with transition metals and organometallic complexes are also commonly used as photocatalysts for CO(2) reduction. This review focuses on developing efficient carbon-based nanomaterials for the photoconversion of CO(2) into solar fuels. It is concluded that MWCNs are one of the most used materials as supporting materials for CO(2) reduction. Due to the multi-layered morphology, multiple reflections will occur within the layers, thus enhancing light harvesting. In particular, stacked nanostructured hollow sphere morphologies can also help the metal doping from corroding.