The investigation of parameters affecting Ibrutinib release from chitosan/tripolyphosphate/carbon nanofiber composite microspheres

This study described the performance of carbon nanofiber modified chitosan (CNF@CS) composite microspheres for the controlled release of the Ibrutinib (IBR) drug. The surface morphology, particle sizes, and functional group contents of the microspheres were characterized by attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), scanning electron, and optical microscopy measurements. The obtained data demonstrated that the addition of CNF to the microsphere increased the encapsulation efficiency of the IBR while allowing the controlled and gradual release of the drug. In terms of the encapsulation efficiency and drug release rate, IBR@CS/TPP/CNF microspheres, achieving drug encapsulation efficiency of 83.09%, have the most suitable formulation according to the comparative studies. Furthermore, according to Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetic model, IBR release mechanism was anomalous diffusion (swelling-controlled behavior and diffusion.) because the IBR release profile was completed in 78 h under optimized conditions. Therefore, the development of CNF based chitosan microsphere is a promising approach to assure appropriate dosage, safety, and improving drug efficacy.