Urban–rural differences in health literacy in the metropolitan area of Berlin, Germany, and its surroundings

BACKGROUND: Health literacy is gaining importance as it concerns the ability of individuals to encounter the complex demands of health in modern societies. Little is known about the environmental associations of health literacy in high-income countries. This study aims to (i) analyse urban–rural differences in health literacy and further (ii) investigate the interrelations of associated factors. METHODS: Based on secondary analyses using a population-based survey of individuals aged 35 years and older from Berlin, Germany, and the surrounding rural area. Health literacy, sociodemographic factors (gender, age, educational level, marital status, income), environmental factors (urban/rural) and health behaviour (physical activity) were assessed with questionnaires. T-tests, Analyses of Variance and multiple regression with interaction terms have been applied. RESULTS: In total, 1822 participants (51.2% female and 56.8% living in an urban region) took part in this study. Health literacy was significantly higher in rural regions (mean = 35.73, SD = 7.56) than in urban regions (mean = 34.10, SD = 8.07). Multiple multivariate regressions showed that living in urban regions, being older, having vocational or basic education, having mid or low income, being widowed, having moderate or low levels of physical activity were significantly negatively associated with health literacy. Incorporating interaction terms showed significance that being older is positively associated with urban regions. CONCLUSION: We found higher levels of health literacy in rural regions and also demonstrated that multiple associated factors of health literacy work congruously. Thus, the environment, associated factors and their interplay must be considered in future urban–rural health literacy research.