Renal Pseudoaneurysm with Associated Arteriovenous Fistula as a Cause of Delayed Bleeding after Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy: A Case Report and Current Literature Review

BACKGROUND: Pseudoaneurysm (PA) with associated arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is a rare delayed bleeding complication, occurring in less than 1% of patients after percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL). Case presentation. A 54-year-old man underwent PNL on February 28, 2023, for a large renal calculus in the right kidney lower pole, with postoperative delayed bleeding: macroscopic hematuria and bladder clot retention after 3 weeks. An iatrogenic PA and AVF were diagnosed after the failure of conservative measures. The patient was successfully treated with superselective angioembolization (SAE) under local anesthesia. CONCLUSION: Late hemorrhagic complications after PNL can be severe. Rapid identification of a renal PA and AVF with SAE has a high success rate and low complication rate, avoiding prolonged hospitalization time and major renal surgery for this patient.