On predicting annual output energy of 4-terminal perovskite/silicon tandem PV cells for building integrated photovoltaic application using machine learning

Building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV), based on tandem PV cells, is considered a new alternative for combining solar energy with buildings. Accurately predicting the BIPV-harvested annual output energy ([Formula: see text]) is crucial for evaluating the BIPV performance. Machine learning (ML) is a potential candidate for solving such a problem without the time-consuming process of experimental investigations. This contribution proposes an artificial neural network (ANN) to predict the [Formula: see text] of 4-terminal perovskite/silicon (psk/Si) PV cells under realistic environmental conditions. The input variables of the proposed model consist of the input solar irradiance ([Formula: see text]), incident light's angle ([Formula: see text]), the PV module's temperature ([Formula: see text]), the psk absorber's thickness ([Formula: see text]), and the psk absorber's bandgap ([Formula: see text]). The input data were received from the simulated results. This work also evaluates the degree of importance of each input variable and optimizes the architecture of the ANN using the surrogate algorithm before predictions. The optimized ANN-3 (three hidden layers) model shows superior performance indicators, including a mean squared error of MSE = 0.02283, correlation coefficient R = 0.99999, and Willmott's index of agreement [Formula: see text] = 0.99999. Consequently, the predicted highest [Formula: see text] at [Formula: see text] of 1.71 eV is 297.73, 115.01, 193.98, and 97.6 kWh/m(2) for the rooftop, east, south, and west facades, respectively.