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Gender differences in earnings among people with multiple sclerosis and associations with type of occupation and family composition: A population-based study with matched references

Gender differences in earnings exist worldwide. Gender segregation or familial status have been previously stated as possible explanations for these differences as well as health differences between women and men. Women are diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS) as twice much as men. Moreover, MS li...

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Autores principales: Machado, Alejandra, Azad, Azadé, Pettersson, Emma, Hillert, Jan, Alexanderson, Kristina, Friberg, Emilie
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Public Library of Science 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10395842/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37531326
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0288998
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author Machado, Alejandra
Azad, Azadé
Pettersson, Emma
Hillert, Jan
Alexanderson, Kristina
Friberg, Emilie
author_facet Machado, Alejandra
Azad, Azadé
Pettersson, Emma
Hillert, Jan
Alexanderson, Kristina
Friberg, Emilie
author_sort Machado, Alejandra
collection PubMed
description Gender differences in earnings exist worldwide. Gender segregation or familial status have been previously stated as possible explanations for these differences as well as health differences between women and men. Women are diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS) as twice much as men. Moreover, MS limitations may affect the work capacity of people with MS (PwMS) implying a reduction in their earnings. We aimed to explore gender differences in earnings among people with MS and without MS and between groups of those diagnosed while also considering types of occupation and family composition, and how these possible differences relate to sickness absence (SA) and disability pension (DP). We conducted a population-based cohort study in Sweden with microdata from several nationwide registers. PwMS aged 19–57 years (n = 5128) living in Sweden and 31,767 matched references from the population without MS. Outcome measures included earnings, number of SA and DP days combined (SA/DP). A four-way weighted least-squares analysis of covariance was performed to explore the associations of gender, MS, type of occupation, and family composition with earnings. Risk of SA and DP days was assessed with logistic regression. Overall, and across all occupations, women earned less than men, although less so among managers with MS. Annual gender differences in earnings were larger if living with children at home compared to not living with children. Nevertheless, these gender differences decreased after adjusting for SA/DP, both among PwMS and references. PwMS had considerably more SA/DP days than references. Women also had more SA/DP days than men. We observed that working women earned less than working men, and that gender differences in earnings were present in all occupations, although less evident among PwMS in managerial positions. The combination of gender, occupation, family composition, and MS, was associated with earnings, even when adjusting for the number of SA and DP days.
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spelling pubmed-103958422023-08-03 Gender differences in earnings among people with multiple sclerosis and associations with type of occupation and family composition: A population-based study with matched references Machado, Alejandra Azad, Azadé Pettersson, Emma Hillert, Jan Alexanderson, Kristina Friberg, Emilie PLoS One Research Article Gender differences in earnings exist worldwide. Gender segregation or familial status have been previously stated as possible explanations for these differences as well as health differences between women and men. Women are diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS) as twice much as men. Moreover, MS limitations may affect the work capacity of people with MS (PwMS) implying a reduction in their earnings. We aimed to explore gender differences in earnings among people with MS and without MS and between groups of those diagnosed while also considering types of occupation and family composition, and how these possible differences relate to sickness absence (SA) and disability pension (DP). We conducted a population-based cohort study in Sweden with microdata from several nationwide registers. PwMS aged 19–57 years (n = 5128) living in Sweden and 31,767 matched references from the population without MS. Outcome measures included earnings, number of SA and DP days combined (SA/DP). A four-way weighted least-squares analysis of covariance was performed to explore the associations of gender, MS, type of occupation, and family composition with earnings. Risk of SA and DP days was assessed with logistic regression. Overall, and across all occupations, women earned less than men, although less so among managers with MS. Annual gender differences in earnings were larger if living with children at home compared to not living with children. Nevertheless, these gender differences decreased after adjusting for SA/DP, both among PwMS and references. PwMS had considerably more SA/DP days than references. Women also had more SA/DP days than men. We observed that working women earned less than working men, and that gender differences in earnings were present in all occupations, although less evident among PwMS in managerial positions. The combination of gender, occupation, family composition, and MS, was associated with earnings, even when adjusting for the number of SA and DP days. Public Library of Science 2023-08-02 /pmc/articles/PMC10395842/ /pubmed/37531326 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0288998 Text en © 2023 Machado et al https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
spellingShingle Research Article
Machado, Alejandra
Azad, Azadé
Pettersson, Emma
Hillert, Jan
Alexanderson, Kristina
Friberg, Emilie
Gender differences in earnings among people with multiple sclerosis and associations with type of occupation and family composition: A population-based study with matched references
title Gender differences in earnings among people with multiple sclerosis and associations with type of occupation and family composition: A population-based study with matched references
title_full Gender differences in earnings among people with multiple sclerosis and associations with type of occupation and family composition: A population-based study with matched references
title_fullStr Gender differences in earnings among people with multiple sclerosis and associations with type of occupation and family composition: A population-based study with matched references
title_full_unstemmed Gender differences in earnings among people with multiple sclerosis and associations with type of occupation and family composition: A population-based study with matched references
title_short Gender differences in earnings among people with multiple sclerosis and associations with type of occupation and family composition: A population-based study with matched references
title_sort gender differences in earnings among people with multiple sclerosis and associations with type of occupation and family composition: a population-based study with matched references
topic Research Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10395842/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37531326
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0288998
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