Granzymes, IL-16, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 increase during wildfire smoke exposure

BACKGROUND: Given the increasing prevalence of wildfires worldwide, understanding the effects of wildfire air pollutants on human health—particularly in specific immunologic pathways—is crucial. Exposure to air pollutants is associated with cardiorespiratory disease; however, immune and epithelial barrier alterations require further investigation. OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine the impact of wildfire smoke exposure on the immune system and epithelial barriers by using proteomics and immune cell phenotyping. METHODS: A San Francisco Bay area cohort (n = 15; age 30 ± 10 years) provided blood samples before (October 2019 to March 2020; air quality index = 37) and during (August 2020; air quality index = 80) a major wildfire. Exposure samples were collected 11 days (range, 10-12 days) after continuous exposure to wildfire smoke. We determined alterations in 506 proteins, including zonulin family peptide (ZFP); immune cell phenotypes by cytometry by time of flight (CyTOF); and their interrelationship using a correlation matrix. RESULTS: Targeted proteomic analyses (n = 15) revealed a decrease of spondin-2 and an increase of granzymes A, B, and H, killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor 3DL1, IL-16, nibrin, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1, C1q TNF-related protein, fibroblast growth factor 19, and von Willebrand factor after 11 days’ average continuous exposure to smoke from a large wildfire (P < .05). We also observed a large correlation cluster between immune regulation pathways (IL-16, granzymes A, B, and H, and killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor 3DL1), DNA repair [poly(ADP-ribose) 1, nibrin], and natural killer cells. We did not observe changes in ZFP levels suggesting a change in epithelial barriers. However, ZFP was associated with immune cell phenotypes (naive CD4(+), T(H)2 cells). CONCLUSION: We observed functional changes in critical immune cells and their proteins during wildfire smoke exposure. Future studies in larger cohorts or in firefighters exposed to wildfire smoke should further assess immune changes and intervention targets.