Efficacy of Telephone-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Weight Loss, Disordered Eating, and Psychological Distress After Bariatric Surgery: A Randomized Clinical Trial

IMPORTANCE: Weight regain after bariatric surgery is associated with recurrence of obesity-related medical comorbidities and deterioration in quality of life. Developing efficacious psychosocial interventions that target risk factors, prevent weight regain, and improve mental health is imperative. OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of a telephone-based cognitive behavioral therapy (tele-CBT) intervention at 1 year after bariatric surgery in improving weight loss, disordered eating, and psychological distress. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This multisite randomized clinical trial was conducted at 3 hospital-based bariatric surgery programs, with recruitment between February 2018 and December 2021. Eligibility for participation was assessed among 314 adults at 1 year after bariatric surgery who were fluent in English and had access to a telephone and the internet. Patients with active suicidal ideation or poorly controlled severe psychiatric illness were excluded. Primary and secondary outcome measures were assessed at baseline (1 year after surgery), after the intervention (approximately 15 months after surgery), and at 3-month follow-up (approximately 18 months after surgery). Data were analyzed from January to February 2023. INTERVENTIONS: The tele-CBT intervention consisted of 6 weekly 1-hour sessions and a seventh booster session 1 month later. The control group received standard postoperative bariatric care. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary outcome was postoperative percentage total weight loss. Secondary outcomes were disordered eating (Binge Eating Scale [BES] and Emotional Eating Scale [EES]) and psychological distress (Patient Health Questionnaire-9 item scale [PHQ-9] and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 item scale [GAD-7]). The hypotheses and data-analytic plan were developed prior to data collection. RESULTS: Among 306 patients 1 year after bariatric surgery (255 females [83.3%]; mean [SD] age, 47.55 [9.98] years), there were 152 patients in the tele-CBT group and 154 patients in the control group. The group by time interaction for percentage total weight loss was not significant (F(1,160.61) = 2.09; P = .15). However, there were significant interactions for mean BES (F(2,527.32) = 18.73; P < .001), EES total (F(2,530.67) = 10.83; P < .001), PHQ-9 (F(2,529.93) = 17.74; P < .001), and GAD-7 (F(2,535.16) = 15.29; P < .001) scores between the tele-CBT group and control group across all times. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: This study found that tele-CBT delivered at 1 year after surgery resulted in no change in short-term weight outcomes but improved disordered eating and psychological distress. The impact of these psychosocial improvements on longer-term weight outcomes is currently being examined as part of this longitudinal multisite randomized clinical trial. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03315247