Celiac Disease Masquerading as Extreme Thrombocytosis and Severe Anemia in a 52-Year-Old Female Patient: A Rare Case Presentation and Literature Review

Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by an immune-mediated response to gluten, resulting in small intestinal mucosal damage. While gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms are commonly associated with CD, atypical presentations can pose diagnostic challenges, particularly when hematological abnormalities are the primary manifestation. We report a case of a 52-year-old female patient who presented with paraesthesia, numbness in her hands and feet, marked thinness, extreme thrombocytosis, severe anemia, and mild electrolyte imbalance. Physical examination was unremarkable, except for the notable thinness. GI symptoms were absent, and there was no family history of gastroenterological diseases. Diagnostic evaluations, including serological tests and duodenal biopsy, confirmed the diagnosis of CD with grade 4 Marsh 3C classification. This case emphasizes the significance of considering CD as a potential cause for atypical hematological manifestations, such as extreme thrombocytosis secondary to severe anemia. Prompt recognition and appropriate management, including adherence to a gluten-free diet, can lead to symptom improvement and resolution of hematological abnormalities. It is crucial for healthcare professionals to recognize and be familiar with these atypical presentations to promote early diagnosis and enhance patient outcomes.