Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Placebo Effect and its Correlates in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

BACKGROUND: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a major mental health condition with a lifetime prevalence rate of 1.3% among adults. While placebo effects are well described for conditions such as depressive and anxiety disorders, they have not been systematically characterized in OCD. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to determine the impact of placebos in improving different symptom domains in patients with OCD. METHODS: We systematically searched PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, Ovid, the Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar databases/search engine from inception to January 2021 for randomized controlled trials of treatments for OCD with a placebo arm. A modified Cohen's effect size (ES) was calculated using change in baseline to endpoint scores for different measurement scales within placebo arms to estimate placebo effects and to investigate their correlates by random-effects model meta-analyses. RESULTS: Forty-nine clinical trials (placebo group n = 1993), reporting 80 OCD specific (153 measures in general) were included in the analysis. Overall placebo ES (95% confidence interval [CI]) was 0.32 (0.22–0.41) on OCD symptoms, with substantial heterogeneity (I-square = 96.1%). Among secondary outcomes, general scales, ES: 0.27 (95%CI: 0.14–0.41), demonstrated higher ES than anxiety and depression scales, ES: 0.14 (95%CI: −0.4 to 0.32) and 0.05 (95%CI: −0.05 to 0.14), respectively. Clinician-rated scales, ES: 0.27(95%CI: 0.20–0.34), had a higher ES than self-reported scales, ES: 0.07 (95%CI: −0.08 to 0.22). More recent publication year, larger placebo group sample size, shorter follow-up duration, and younger age of participants were all associated with larger placebo ES. Egger's test reflected possible small-study effect publication bias (P = 0.029). CONCLUSION: Placebo effects are modest in OCD trials and are larger in clinician ratings, for younger patients, and early in the treatment course. These findings underscore the need for clinicians and scientists to be mindful of placebo effects when formulating treatments or research trials for OCD. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION NUMBER: PROSPERO CRD42019125979.