Prevalence of and Factors Influencing Suicide Ideation, Attempt, and Completion in Heroin Users: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND: Suicide is considered a fundamental problem in discussions on public and global health. Thus, the current study aimed to review the prevalence of and reasons for successful suicide attempts in heroin users. METHODS: This study was conducted by systematically searching the electronic databases of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and PsycINFO from 1960/1/1 to 2021/11/1 based on the PRISMA checklist and using MeSH keywords with no temporal or linguistic limitations. The primary and secondary impacts of suicide were identified, and all studies following an observational design (cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional studies) were included in the research. Data analysis was performed using Stata version 13. Finally, 17 studies were included in the work process for systematic review and meta-analysis. FINDINGS: The results showed the most frequent reasons for suicide among the studied individuals were gender (being female), youngness, heroin overdose, multi-drug abuse, history of repeated suicide attempts, history of psychiatric disorder (especially depression), joblessness, homelessness, distorted family relationships, etc. Moreover, the results of synthesizing the studies revealed the prevalence of suicide attempts equaled the effect size (95% CI=0.3 [0.23-0.37]) among these individuals, and the prevalence of successful suicides approached the effect size (95% CI=0.03 [0.01-0.05]). CONCLUSION: The results of the present study showed the high prevalence of suicidal thoughts and suicide attempts among the heroin-abusing population. Furthermore, according to the findings, the prevalence of unsuccessful suicide attempts was ten times more than that of successful ones in the target population.