Immunogammopathy Maculopathy Secondary to Waldenström’s Macroglobulinemia Complicated With Diabetic Retinopathy: A Case Report and Literature Review

In Waldenström’s Macroglobulinemia (WM), increased immunoglobulin M causes various signs and symptoms. It sometimes presents with macular edema. A 65-year-old WM patient with a five-year history of diabetes mellitus was evaluated for ocular complications. Fundus examination and optical coherence tomography showed retinal changes consistent with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy and foveal detachment with intraretinal cysts in the right eye, suggesting diabetic macular edema. However, on fluorescein angiography, there was no leakage over the area of foveal detachment, which led to the diagnosis of immunogammopathy maculopathy secondary to WM for macular edema and foveal detachment. The patient’s ocular manifestation remained unchanged through a follow-up period of 11 months without therapeutic interventions. Immunogammopathy maculopathy, a rare ocular manifestation of monoclonal gammopathy, demands differentiation from other causes of macular edema in WM patients. The present case highlights the importance of fluorescein angiography, or silent macula, in diabetic patients to distinguish immunogammopathy maculopathy from diabetic macular edema.