Advances in epigenetic research of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and congenital scoliosis

Scoliosis is a three-dimensional structural deformity of the spine; more than 80% of scoliosis has no specific pathogenesis but is understood to be closely related to genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors. In recent years, the epigenetic alterations observed in scoliosis have been analyzed in numerous studies to determine the pathogenesis and progression of this condition, however, there is currently no comprehensive review of the epigenetic factors to date. We searched PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases for relative studies without language and date restrictions in March 2023. Twenty-five studies were included in this review and analyzed from the four main aspects of epigenetic alteration: DNA methylation, non-coding RNAs, histone modifications, and chromatin remodeling. The relationship between DNA methylation, non-coding RNAs, and scoliosis was considerably reported in the literature, and the corresponding related signaling pathways and novel biomarkers observed in scoliosis provide insights into innovative prevention and treatment strategies. However, the role of histone modifications is rarely reported in scoliosis, and few studies have investigated the relationship between scoliosis and chromatin remodeling. Therefore, these related fields need to be further explored to elucidate the overall effects of epigenetics in scoliosis.