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Local Thyroid Hormone Action in Brain Development

Proper brain development essentially depends on the timed availability of sufficient amounts of thyroid hormone (TH). This, in turn, necessitates a tightly regulated expression of TH signaling components such as TH transporters, deiodinases, and TH receptors in a brain region- and cell-specific mann...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Alcaide Martin, Andrea, Mayerl, Steffen
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10418487/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37569727
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms241512352
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author Alcaide Martin, Andrea
Mayerl, Steffen
author_facet Alcaide Martin, Andrea
Mayerl, Steffen
author_sort Alcaide Martin, Andrea
collection PubMed
description Proper brain development essentially depends on the timed availability of sufficient amounts of thyroid hormone (TH). This, in turn, necessitates a tightly regulated expression of TH signaling components such as TH transporters, deiodinases, and TH receptors in a brain region- and cell-specific manner from early developmental stages onwards. Abnormal TH levels during critical stages, as well as mutations in TH signaling components that alter the global and/or local thyroidal state, result in detrimental consequences for brain development and neurological functions that involve alterations in central neurotransmitter systems. Thus, the question as to how TH signaling is implicated in the development and maturation of different neurotransmitter and neuromodulator systems has gained increasing attention. In this review, we first summarize the current knowledge on the regulation of TH signaling components during brain development. We then present recent advances in our understanding on how altered TH signaling compromises the development of cortical glutamatergic neurons, inhibitory GABAergic interneurons, cholinergic and dopaminergic neurons. Thereby, we highlight novel mechanistic insights and point out open questions in this evolving research field.
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spelling pubmed-104184872023-08-12 Local Thyroid Hormone Action in Brain Development Alcaide Martin, Andrea Mayerl, Steffen Int J Mol Sci Review Proper brain development essentially depends on the timed availability of sufficient amounts of thyroid hormone (TH). This, in turn, necessitates a tightly regulated expression of TH signaling components such as TH transporters, deiodinases, and TH receptors in a brain region- and cell-specific manner from early developmental stages onwards. Abnormal TH levels during critical stages, as well as mutations in TH signaling components that alter the global and/or local thyroidal state, result in detrimental consequences for brain development and neurological functions that involve alterations in central neurotransmitter systems. Thus, the question as to how TH signaling is implicated in the development and maturation of different neurotransmitter and neuromodulator systems has gained increasing attention. In this review, we first summarize the current knowledge on the regulation of TH signaling components during brain development. We then present recent advances in our understanding on how altered TH signaling compromises the development of cortical glutamatergic neurons, inhibitory GABAergic interneurons, cholinergic and dopaminergic neurons. Thereby, we highlight novel mechanistic insights and point out open questions in this evolving research field. MDPI 2023-08-02 /pmc/articles/PMC10418487/ /pubmed/37569727 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms241512352 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Alcaide Martin, Andrea
Mayerl, Steffen
Local Thyroid Hormone Action in Brain Development
title Local Thyroid Hormone Action in Brain Development
title_full Local Thyroid Hormone Action in Brain Development
title_fullStr Local Thyroid Hormone Action in Brain Development
title_full_unstemmed Local Thyroid Hormone Action in Brain Development
title_short Local Thyroid Hormone Action in Brain Development
title_sort local thyroid hormone action in brain development
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10418487/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37569727
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms241512352
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