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The Evolution of Life Is a Road Paved with the DNA Quadruplet Symmetry and the Supersymmetry Genetic Code

Symmetries have not been completely determined and explained from the discovery of the DNA structure in 1953 and the genetic code in 1961. We show, during 10 years of investigation and research, our discovery of the Supersymmetry Genetic Code table in the form of 2 × 8 codon boxes, quadruplet DNA sy...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Rosandić, Marija, Paar, Vladimir
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10418607/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37569405
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms241512029
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author Rosandić, Marija
Paar, Vladimir
author_facet Rosandić, Marija
Paar, Vladimir
author_sort Rosandić, Marija
collection PubMed
description Symmetries have not been completely determined and explained from the discovery of the DNA structure in 1953 and the genetic code in 1961. We show, during 10 years of investigation and research, our discovery of the Supersymmetry Genetic Code table in the form of 2 × 8 codon boxes, quadruplet DNA symmetries, and the classification of trinucleotides/codons, all built with the same physiochemical double mirror symmetry and Watson–Crick pairing. We also show that single-stranded RNA had the complete code of life in the form of the Supersymmetry Genetic Code table simultaneously with instructions of codons’ relationship as to how to develop the DNA molecule on the principle of Watson–Crick pairing. We show that the same symmetries between the genetic code and DNA quadruplet are highly conserved during the whole evolution even between phylogenetically distant organisms. In this way, decreasing disorder and entropy enabled the evolution of living beings up to sophisticated species with cognitive features. Our hypothesis that all twenty amino acids are necessary for the origin of life on the Earth, which entirely changes our view on evolution, confirms the evidence of organic natural amino acids from the extra-terrestrial asteroid Ryugu, which is nearly as old as our solar system.
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spelling pubmed-104186072023-08-12 The Evolution of Life Is a Road Paved with the DNA Quadruplet Symmetry and the Supersymmetry Genetic Code Rosandić, Marija Paar, Vladimir Int J Mol Sci Review Symmetries have not been completely determined and explained from the discovery of the DNA structure in 1953 and the genetic code in 1961. We show, during 10 years of investigation and research, our discovery of the Supersymmetry Genetic Code table in the form of 2 × 8 codon boxes, quadruplet DNA symmetries, and the classification of trinucleotides/codons, all built with the same physiochemical double mirror symmetry and Watson–Crick pairing. We also show that single-stranded RNA had the complete code of life in the form of the Supersymmetry Genetic Code table simultaneously with instructions of codons’ relationship as to how to develop the DNA molecule on the principle of Watson–Crick pairing. We show that the same symmetries between the genetic code and DNA quadruplet are highly conserved during the whole evolution even between phylogenetically distant organisms. In this way, decreasing disorder and entropy enabled the evolution of living beings up to sophisticated species with cognitive features. Our hypothesis that all twenty amino acids are necessary for the origin of life on the Earth, which entirely changes our view on evolution, confirms the evidence of organic natural amino acids from the extra-terrestrial asteroid Ryugu, which is nearly as old as our solar system. MDPI 2023-07-27 /pmc/articles/PMC10418607/ /pubmed/37569405 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms241512029 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Rosandić, Marija
Paar, Vladimir
The Evolution of Life Is a Road Paved with the DNA Quadruplet Symmetry and the Supersymmetry Genetic Code
title The Evolution of Life Is a Road Paved with the DNA Quadruplet Symmetry and the Supersymmetry Genetic Code
title_full The Evolution of Life Is a Road Paved with the DNA Quadruplet Symmetry and the Supersymmetry Genetic Code
title_fullStr The Evolution of Life Is a Road Paved with the DNA Quadruplet Symmetry and the Supersymmetry Genetic Code
title_full_unstemmed The Evolution of Life Is a Road Paved with the DNA Quadruplet Symmetry and the Supersymmetry Genetic Code
title_short The Evolution of Life Is a Road Paved with the DNA Quadruplet Symmetry and the Supersymmetry Genetic Code
title_sort evolution of life is a road paved with the dna quadruplet symmetry and the supersymmetry genetic code
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10418607/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37569405
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms241512029
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